KEGG   PATHWAY: oda04916
Entry
oda04916                    Pathway                                
Name
Melanogenesis - Oryx dammah (scimitar-horned oryx)
Description
Cutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory control by multiple agents. The most important positive regulator of melanogenesis is the MC1 receptor with its ligands melanocortic peptides. MC1R activates the cyclic AMP (cAMP) response-element binding protein (CREB). Increased expression of MITF and its activation by phosphorylation (P) stimulate the transcription of tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), and dopachrome tautomerase (DCT), which produce melanin. Melanin synthesis takes place within specialized intracellular organelles named melanosomes. Melanin-containing melanosomes then move from the perinuclear region to the dendrite tips and are transferred to keratinocytes by a still not well-characterized mechanism.
Class
Organismal Systems; Endocrine system
Pathway map
oda04916  Melanogenesis
oda04916

Organism
Oryx dammah (scimitar-horned oryx) [GN:oda]
Gene
120851603  POMC; pro-opiomelanocortin [KO:K05228]
120868694  agouti-signaling protein isoform X1 [KO:K08725]
120869377  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms XLas isoform X1 [KO:K04632]
120869379  neuroendocrine secretory protein 55 [KO:K04632]
120877473  ADCY1; adenylate cyclase type 1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120879368  ADCY2; adenylate cyclase type 2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120851596  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120853482  ADCY4; adenylate cyclase type 4 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120870754  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120861292  adenylate cyclase type 6 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120858160  adenylate cyclase type 6 isoform X1 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120872811  ADCY7; adenylate cyclase type 7 isoform X1 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120878868  ADCY8; adenylate cyclase type 8 isoform X1 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120874335  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase type 9 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120864090  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
120856949  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
120854564  CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870]
120876928  CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
120877626  CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048]
120880365  CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
120855782  CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
120864822  CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
120857601  EP300; histone acetyltransferase p300 [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
120874330  CREB-binding protein [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
120868418  MITF; microphthalmia-associated transcription factor isoform X1 [KO:K09455]
120861282  proto-oncogene Wnt-1 [KO:K03209]
120858193  proto-oncogene Wnt-1 [KO:K03209]
120878206  WNT2; protein Wnt-2 [KO:K00182]
120856080  WNT2B; protein Wnt-2b [KO:K00182]
120864656  WNT3A; protein Wnt-3a [KO:K00312]
120866987  WNT3; proto-oncogene Wnt-3 [KO:K00312]
120854508  WNT4; protein Wnt-4 [KO:K00408]
120867939  WNT5A; protein Wnt-5a [KO:K00444]
120857844  WNT5B; protein Wnt-5b [KO:K00444]
120854363  WNT6; protein Wnt-6 [KO:K00445]
120868443  WNT7A; protein Wnt-7a [KO:K00572]
120858471  WNT7B; protein Wnt-7b [KO:K00572]
120863617  WNT8A; protein Wnt-8a [KO:K00714]
120873949  WNT8B; protein Wnt-8b [KO:K00714]
120864325  WNT9A; protein Wnt-9a isoform X1 [KO:K01064]
120866573  WNT9B; protein Wnt-9b [KO:K01064]
120861284  protein Wnt-10b-like [KO:K01357]
120854362  WNT10A; protein Wnt-10a [KO:K01357]
120858215  protein Wnt-10b [KO:K01357]
120876802  WNT11; protein Wnt-11 [KO:K01384]
120877289  WNT16; protein Wnt-16 [KO:K01558]
120877844  FZD1; frizzled-1 [KO:K02432]
120854611  FZD7; frizzled-7 [KO:K02432]
120867021  FZD2; frizzled-2 [KO:K02235]
120860622  FZD3; frizzled-3 [KO:K02329]
120874234  FZD4; frizzled-4 [KO:K02354]
120860124  frizzled-8 [KO:K02375]
120854561  FZD5; frizzled-5 [KO:K02375]
120878963  FZD6; frizzled-6 isoform X1 [KO:K02376]
120878550  FZD9; frizzled-9 [KO:K02842]
120871557  FZD10; frizzled-10 [KO:K02842]
120873213  GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04534]
120875860  GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634]
120880612  DVL1; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-1 isoform X1 [KO:K02353]
120871944  DVL3; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3 isoform X1 [KO:K02353]
120866079  DVL2; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02353]
120871233  GSK3B; glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta isoform X1 [KO:K03083] [EC:2.7.11.26]
120867709  CTNNB1; catenin beta-1 [KO:K02105]
120863661  TCF7; transcription factor 7 isoform X1 [KO:K02620]
120851515  TCF7L1; transcription factor 7-like 1 [KO:K04490]
120873902  TCF7L2; transcription factor 7-like 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04491]
120861741  LEF1; lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04492]
120858407  KITLG; kit ligand isoform X1 [KO:K05461]
120862129  KIT; mast/stem cell growth factor receptor Kit isoform X1 [KO:K05091] [EC:2.7.10.1]
120874214  HRAS; GTPase HRas isoform X1 [KO:K02833]
120858492  KRAS; GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
120856043  NRAS; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
120868108  RAF1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120852527  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
120860906  dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
120864821  MAP2K2; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
120882996  mitogen-activated protein kinase 1-like [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
120876943  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
120871418  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
120874821  TYR; tyrosinase [KO:K00505] [EC:1.14.18.1]
120860254  5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase-like [KO:K00506] [EC:1.14.18.-]
120863839  5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase [KO:K00506] [EC:1.14.18.-]
120883297  DCT; L-dopachrome tautomerase [KO:K01827] [EC:5.3.3.12]
120870231  EDN1; endothelin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K16366]
120883031  EDNRB; endothelin receptor type B [KO:K04198]
120878127  GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630]
120868293  GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630]
120856729  GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04630]
120853216  PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
120869193  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
120869195  PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
120874626  PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
120879484  calmodulin-1-like [KO:K02183]
120879826  CALML6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calmodulin-like protein 6 [KO:K02183]
120851742  CALM2; calmodulin-2 [KO:K02183]
120852515  calmodulin-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K02183]
120860890  calmodulin-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K02183]
120853084  calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
120869481  calmodulin-like [KO:K02183]
120853545  CALM1; calmodulin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K02183]
120872248  CALM3; calmodulin-3 [KO:K02183]
120858425  calmodulin-1-like [KO:K02183]
120877497  CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
120861703  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
120863412  CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
120865286  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
120866588  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
120876193  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
120871941  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
Compound
C00076  Calcium cation
C00082  L-Tyrosine
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C05606  Melanin
Reference
PMID:15383650
  Authors
Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Wortsman J.
  Title
Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 84:1155-228 (2004)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00044.2003
Reference
PMID:10841026
  Authors
Busca R, Ballotti R.
  Title
Cyclic AMP a key messenger in the regulation of skin pigmentation.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 13:60-9 (2000)
DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0749.2000.130203.x
Reference
PMID:15016298
  Authors
Imokawa G.
  Title
Autocrine and paracrine regulation of melanocytes in human skin and in pigmentary disorders.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 17:96-110 (2004)
DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0749.2003.00126.x
Reference
PMID:11023702
  Authors
Wikberg JE, Muceniece R, Mandrika I, Prusis P, Lindblom J, Post C, Skottner A.
  Title
New aspects on the melanocortins and their receptors.
  Journal
Pharmacol Res 42:393-420 (2000)
DOI:10.1006/phrs.2000.0725
Reference
PMID:12894244
  Authors
Chin L.
  Title
The genetics of malignant melanoma: lessons from mouse and man.
  Journal
Nat Rev Cancer 3:559-70 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/nrc1145
Reference
PMID:16822996
  Authors
Miller AJ, Mihm MC Jr.
  Title
Melanoma.
  Journal
N Engl J Med 355:51-65 (2006)
DOI:10.1056/NEJMra052166
Reference
PMID:12753399
  Authors
Saito H, Yasumoto K, Takeda K, Takahashi K, Yamamoto H, Shibahara S.
  Title
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in the Wnt signaling pathway.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 16:261-5 (2003)
DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0749.2003.00039.x
Reference
PMID:9263329
  Authors
Imokawa G, Kobayashi T, Miyagishi M, Higashi K, Yada Y.
  Title
The role of endothelin-1 in epidermal hyperpigmentation and signaling mechanisms of mitogenesis and melanogenesis.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 10:218-28 (1997)
DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0749.1997.tb00488.x
Reference
PMID:10643996
  Authors
Park HY, Gilchrest BA.
  Title
Signaling pathways mediating melanogenesis.
  Journal
Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 45:919-30 (1999)
Reference
PMID:10347209
  Authors
Park HY, Perez JM, Laursen R, Hara M, Gilchrest BA.
  Title
Protein kinase C-beta activates tyrosinase by phosphorylating serine residues in its cytoplasmic domain.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 274:16470-8 (1999)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.274.23.16470
Reference
PMID:11602344
  Authors
Sturm RA, Teasdale RD, Box NF.
  Title
Human pigmentation genes: identification, structure and consequences of polymorphic variation.
  Journal
Gene 277:49-62 (2001)
DOI:10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00694-1
Reference
PMID:11041354
  Authors
Hearing VJ.
  Title
The melanosome: the perfect model for cellular responses to the environment.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 13 Suppl 8:23-34 (2000)
DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0749.13.s8.7.x
Reference
PMID:16246839
  Authors
Molina DM, Grewal S, Bardwell L.
  Title
Characterization of an ERK-binding domain in microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and differential inhibition of ERK2-mediated substrate phosphorylation.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 280:42051-60 (2005)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M510590200
Related
pathway
oda00350  Tyrosine metabolism
oda04010  MAPK signaling pathway
oda04310  Wnt signaling pathway
oda05218  Melanoma
KO pathway
ko04916   
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