KEGG   PATHWAY: ppam05144
Entry
ppam05144                   Pathway                                
Name
Malaria - Pteronotus mesoamericanus (Parnell's mustached bat)
Description
Plasmodium protozoa are parasites that account for malaria infection. Sporozoite forms of the parasite are injected by mosquito bites under the skin and are carried to the liver where they develop into the merozoite form.
Sporozoite invasion of hepatocytes is mediated by parasite surface protein like CSP. Subsequent infection into red blood cells (RBCs) by merozoites causes malaria disease via aberrant cytokine production and sequestration of parasite-infected red blood cells (pRBCs) to host endothelium. Microvasculature sequestration in the brain brings about cerebral malaria that can results in death or persisting neurological impairment. PfEMP1 has been suggested as the key adhesive molecule of pRBCs.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: parasitic
Pathway map
ppam05144  Malaria
ppam05144

Organism
Pteronotus mesoamericanus (Parnell's mustached bat) [GN:ppam]
Gene
129067432  SDC1; syndecan-1 [KO:K06257]
129084226  SDC2; syndecan-2 [KO:K16336]
129085572  syndecan-2-like [KO:K16336]
129075801  LRP1; prolow-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04550]
129068497  CD81; CD81 antigen [KO:K06508]
129063396  HGF; hepatocyte growth factor [KO:K05460]
129063382  MET; hepatocyte growth factor receptor isoform X1 [KO:K05099] [EC:2.7.10.1]
129062393  ACKR1; atypical chemokine receptor 1 [KO:K06574]
129061088  GYPA; glycophorin-A [KO:K06575]
129071743  GYPC; glycophorin-C [KO:K06576]
129081260  hemoglobin subunit alpha-4 [KO:K13822]
129081261  hemoglobin subunit alpha-4 [KO:K13822]
129087671  TLR9; toll-like receptor 9 [KO:K10161]
129088050  MYD88; myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 [KO:K04729]
129061625  TLR2; toll-like receptor 2 [KO:K10159]
129079317  TLR4; toll-like receptor 4 [KO:K10160]
129062079  IL10; interleukin-10 [KO:K05443]
129076675  TGFB1; transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein [KO:K13375]
129072973  TGFB2; transforming growth factor beta-2 proprotein isoform X1 [KO:K13376]
129065729  TGFB3; transforming growth factor beta-3 proprotein [KO:K13377]
129083830  CXCL8; interleukin-8 [KO:K10030]
129063428  IL6; interleukin-6 [KO:K05405]
129070257  C-C motif chemokine 2-like [KO:K14624]
129087056  CSF3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [KO:K05423]
129072126  IL1B; interleukin-1 beta [KO:K04519]
129066972  TNF; tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
129073129  IL12A; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: interleukin-12 subunit alpha [KO:K05406]
129085975  IL18; interleukin-18 isoform X1 [KO:K05482]
129084625  NKG2-D type II integral membrane protein-like [KO:K06728]
129084745  NKG2-D type II integral membrane protein-like [KO:K06728]
129071919  T cell receptor alpha chain MC.7.G5-like [KO:K10784]
129071926  uncharacterized protein LOC129071926 [KO:K10784]
129076046  IFNG; interferon gamma [KO:K04687]
129063347  CD36; platelet glycoprotein 4 [KO:K06259]
129062463  CR1; complement receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04011]
129070210  PECAM1; platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule isoform X1 [KO:K06471]
129063676  VCAM1; vascular cell adhesion protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06527]
129064365  THBS1; thrombospondin-1 [KO:K16857]
129074855  COMP; cartilage oligomeric matrix protein isoform X1 [KO:K04659]
129062329  THBS3; thrombospondin-3 [KO:K04659]
129074648  THBS4; thrombospondin-4 [KO:K04659]
129087898  THBS2; thrombospondin-2 [KO:K04659]
129081902  SELE; E-selectin [KO:K06494]
129078038  ITGAL; integrin alpha-L isoform X1 [KO:K05718]
129075119  ITGB2; integrin beta-2 [KO:K06464]
129061417  ICAM1; intercellular adhesion molecule 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06490]
129075429  CD40LG; CD40 ligand [KO:K03161]
129070434  CD40; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5 [KO:K03160]
129081903  SELP; P-selectin [KO:K06496]
Compound
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00634  Chondroitin 4-sulfate
G00052  Type II B antigen
G00054  Type II A antigen
G10505  Hyaluronic acid
Reference
PMID:19101208
  Authors
Morahan BJ, Wang L, Coppel RL
  Title
No TRAP, no invasion.
  Journal
Trends Parasitol 25:77-84 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.pt.2008.11.004
Reference
PMID:8920859
  Authors
Shakibaei M, Frevert U
  Title
Dual interaction of the malaria circumsporozoite protein with the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans.
  Journal
J Exp Med 184:1699-711 (1996)
DOI:10.1084/jem.184.5.1699
Reference
PMID:15106591
  Authors
Silvie O, Franetich JF, Renia L, Mazier D
  Title
Malaria sporozoite: migrating for a living.
  Journal
Trends Mol Med 10:97-100; discussion 100-1 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.molmed.2004.01.004
Reference
PMID:15464448
  Authors
Mota MM, Giordano S, Rodriguez A
  Title
Targeting Plasmodium host cells: survival within hepatocytes.
  Journal
Trends Mol Med 10:487-92 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.molmed.2004.08.003
Reference
PMID:12364790
  Authors
Cowman AF, Crabb BS
  Title
The Plasmodium falciparum genome--a blueprint for erythrocyte invasion.
  Journal
Science 298:126-8 (2002)
DOI:10.1126/science.1078169
Reference
PMID:16019257
  Authors
O'Donnell RA, Blackman MJ
  Title
The role of malaria merozoite proteases in red blood cell invasion.
  Journal
Curr Opin Microbiol 8:422-7 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.mib.2005.06.018
Reference
PMID:17630968
  Authors
Iyer J, Gruner AC, Renia L, Snounou G, Preiser PR
  Title
Invasion of host cells by malaria parasites: a tale of two protein families.
  Journal
Mol Microbiol 65:231-49 (2007)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05791.x
Reference
PMID:11224682
  Authors
Chitnis CE
  Title
Molecular insights into receptors used by malaria parasites for erythrocyte invasion.
  Journal
Curr Opin Hematol 8:85-91 (2001)
DOI:10.1097/00062752-200103000-00005
Reference
PMID:15094163
  Authors
Rasti N, Wahlgren M, Chen Q
  Title
Molecular aspects of malaria pathogenesis.
  Journal
FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 41:9-26 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.femsim.2004.01.010
Reference
PMID:15463497
  Authors
Clark IA, Rockett KA, Cowden WB
  Title
Proposed link between cytokines, nitric oxide and human cerebral malaria.
  Journal
Parasitol Today 7:205-7 (1991)
DOI:10.1016/0169-4758(91)90142-B
Reference
PMID:18250459
  Authors
Hisaeda H, Tetsutani K, Imai T, Moriya C, Tu L, Hamano S, Duan X, Chou B, Ishida H, Aramaki A, Shen J, Ishii KJ, Coban C, Akira S, Takeda K, Yasutomo K, Torii M, Himeno K
  Title
Malaria parasites require TLR9 signaling for immune evasion by activating regulatory T cells.
  Journal
J Immunol 180:2496-503 (2008)
DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.180.4.2496
Reference
PMID:10885986
  Authors
Chen Q, Schlichtherle M, Wahlgren M
  Title
Molecular aspects of severe malaria.
  Journal
Clin Microbiol Rev 13:439-50 (2000)
DOI:10.1128/CMR.13.3.439-450.2000
Reference
PMID:11832955
  Authors
Miller LH, Baruch DI, Marsh K, Doumbo OK
  Title
The pathogenic basis of malaria.
  Journal
Nature 415:673-9 (2002)
DOI:10.1038/415673a
Reference
PMID:19967139
  Authors
Faille D, El-Assaad F, Alessi MC, Fusai T, Combes V, Grau GE
  Title
Platelet-endothelial cell interactions in cerebral malaria: the end of a cordial understanding.
  Journal
Thromb Haemost 102:1093-102 (2009)
DOI:10.1160/TH09-05-0337
Reference
PMID:16138104
  Authors
Schofield L, Grau GE
  Title
Immunological processes in malaria pathogenesis.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 5:722-35 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nri1686
Reference
PMID:14737184
  Authors
Ishino T, Yano K, Chinzei Y, Yuda M
  Title
Cell-passage activity is required for the malarial parasite to cross the liver sinusoidal cell layer.
  Journal
PLoS Biol 2:E4 (2004)
DOI:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020004
Reference
PMID:16468982
  Authors
Kariu T, Ishino T, Yano K, Chinzei Y, Yuda M
  Title
CelTOS, a novel malarial protein that mediates transmission to mosquito and vertebrate hosts.
  Journal
Mol Microbiol 59:1369-79 (2006)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.05024.x
Reference
PMID:20091081
  Authors
Cox D, McConkey S
  Title
The role of platelets in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria.
  Journal
Cell Mol Life Sci 67:557-68 (2010)
DOI:10.1007/s00018-009-0211-3
Related
pathway
ppam04210  Apoptosis
ppam04514  Cell adhesion molecules
ppam04610  Complement and coagulation cascades
ppam04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko05144   
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