Entry
Name
Carbohydrate digestion and absorption - Pan paniscus (bonobo)
Description
Dietary carbohydrate in humans and omnivorous animals is a major nutrient. The carbohydrates that we ingest vary from the lactose in milk to complex carbohydrates. These carbohydrates are digested to monosaccharides, mostly glucose, galactose and fructose, prior to absorption in the small intestine. Glucose and galactose are initially transported into the enterocyte by SGLT1 located in the apical brush border membrane and then exit through the basolateral membrane by either GLUT2 or exocytosis. In a new model of intestinal glucose absorption, transport by SGLT1 induces rapid insertion and activation of GLUT2 in the brush border membrane by a PKC betaII-dependent mechanism. Moreover, trafficking of apical GLUT2 is rapidly up-regulated by glucose and artificial sweeteners, which act through T1R2 + T1R3/alpha-gustducin to activate PLC-beta2 and PKC-beta II. Fructose is transported separately by the brush border GLUT5 and then released out of the enterocyte into the blood by GLUT2.
Class
Organismal Systems; Digestive system
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
pps04973 Carbohydrate digestion and absorption
Ortholog table
Other DBs
Organism
Pan paniscus (bonobo) [GN:
pps ]
Gene
100981350 ATP1B1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01540 ]
100974727 ATP1B2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2 [KO:K01540 ]
100977407 ATP1B3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K01540 ]
103786316 sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma isoform X3 [KO:K01538 ]
100983878 SLC2A2; solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 2 isoform X2 [KO:K07593 ]
100968265 SLC37A4; glucose-6-phosphate exchanger SLC37A4 isoform X3 [KO:K08171 ]
100993627 SLC2A5; solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 5 isoform X1 [KO:K08143 ]
100994315 PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
100986080 PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X2 [KO:K02649 ]
100969981 PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649 ]
100989732 PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
100990828 PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
100990108 PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
100975108 CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X3 [KO:K04851 ]
100985257 GNAT3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(t) subunit alpha-3 [KO:K19729 ]
100969660 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X2 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
100987524 PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
100969344 PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X4 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
100978643 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
Compound
C05981 Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
C12284 Saccharin sodium anhydrous
Reference
Authors
Drozdowski LA, Thomson AB
Title
Intestinal sugar transport.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Wright EM, Martin MG, Turk E
Title
Intestinal absorption in health and disease--sugars.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kellett GL, Brot-Laroche E, Mace OJ, Leturque A
Title
Sugar absorption in the intestine: the role of GLUT2.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mace OJ, Lister N, Morgan E, Shepherd E, Affleck J, Helliwell P, Bronk JR, Kellett GL, Meredith D, Boyd R, Pieri M, Bailey PD, Pettcrew R, Foley D
Title
An energy supply network of nutrient absorption coordinated by calcium and T1R taste receptors in rat small intestine.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kellett GL, Brot-Laroche E
Title
Apical GLUT2: a major pathway of intestinal sugar absorption.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Goodman BE
Title
Insights into digestion and absorption of major nutrients in humans.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Wright EM, Hirayama BA, Loo DF
Title
Active sugar transport in health and disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Santer R, Hillebrand G, Steinmann B, Schaub J
Title
Intestinal glucose transport: evidence for a membrane traffic-based pathway in humans.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Stumpel F, Burcelin R, Jungermann K, Thorens B
Title
Normal kinetics of intestinal glucose absorption in the absence of GLUT2: evidence for a transport pathway requiring glucose phosphorylation and transfer into the endoplasmic reticulum.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Wright EM, Loo DD, Hirayama BA, Turk E
Title
Surprising versatility of Na+-glucose cotransporters: SLC5.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Uldry M, Thorens B
Title
The SLC2 family of facilitated hexose and polyol transporters.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Van Beers EH, Buller HA, Grand RJ, Einerhand AW, Dekker J
Title
Intestinal brush border glycohydrolases: structure, function, and development.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Marsh MN
Title
Digestive-absorptive functions of the enterocyte.
Journal
Ann R Coll Surg Engl 48:356-68 (1971)
Reference
Authors
Guarner F, Malagelada JR
Title
Gut flora in health and disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Topping DL, Clifton PM
Title
Short-chain fatty acids and human colonic function: roles of resistant starch and nonstarch polysaccharides.
Journal
Related pathway
KO pathway
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