KEGG   PATHWAY: snh04916
Entry
snh04916                    Pathway                                
Name
Melanogenesis - Salvelinus namaycush (lake trout)
Description
Cutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory control by multiple agents. The most important positive regulator of melanogenesis is the MC1 receptor with its ligands melanocortic peptides. MC1R activates the cyclic AMP (cAMP) response-element binding protein (CREB). Increased expression of MITF and its activation by phosphorylation (P) stimulate the transcription of tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), and dopachrome tautomerase (DCT), which produce melanin. Melanin synthesis takes place within specialized intracellular organelles named melanosomes. Melanin-containing melanosomes then move from the perinuclear region to the dendrite tips and are transferred to keratinocytes by a still not well-characterized mechanism.
Class
Organismal Systems; Endocrine system
Pathway map
snh04916  Melanogenesis
snh04916

Organism
Salvelinus namaycush (lake trout) [GN:snh]
Gene
120019514  pro-opiomelanocortin B [KO:K05228]
120041614  pro-opiomelanocortin A-like [KO:K05228]
120060135  pro-opiomelanocortin A [KO:K05228]
120064908  asip1; agouti signaling protein 1 [KO:K08725]
120025223  melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor-like [KO:K04199]
120047684  melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor-like [KO:K04199]
120022604  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04632]
120058677  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04632]
120059469  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha-like isoform X1 [KO:K04632]
120065672  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha-like isoform X1 [KO:K04632]
120054069  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04632]
120061290  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04632]
120020682  adenylate cyclase type 1-like [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120054302  adenylate cyclase type 1-like [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120055308  adenylate cyclase type 1-like [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120022775  adenylate cyclase type 2-like [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120027455  adenylate cyclase type 2-like [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120019516  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: adenylate cyclase type 3-like [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120048257  adenylate cyclase type 3-like [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120031336  adenylate cyclase type 3-like [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120063767  adenylate cyclase type 5-like [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120057913  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: adenylate cyclase type 5-like [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120059091  adenylate cyclase type 6-like isoform X1 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120059480  adcy6a; adenylate cyclase type 6 isoform X1 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120061001  adenylate cyclase type 6-like [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120061300  adenylate cyclase type 6-like [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120048037  adenylate cyclase type 2-like [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120024860  adenylate cyclase type 2-like [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120022998  si:ch211-132f19.7; adenylate cyclase type 8 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120056232  adcy8; adenylate cyclase type 8 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120017568  adenylate cyclase type 9-like [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120032464  adenylate cyclase type 9-like [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120044084  adenylate cyclase type 9-like [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120019042  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-like isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
120020291  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta-like [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
120039714  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
120033914  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
120055956  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
120054595  prkacba; protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, catalytic, beta a isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
120039121  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K05870]
120064115  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1-like [KO:K05870]
120058353  creb1b; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1b isoform X1 [KO:K05870]
120048466  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
120031431  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
120025082  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048]
120031875  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048]
120042728  creb3l3l; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3-like 3 like [KO:K09048]
120049887  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048]
120063395  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like [KO:K09048]
120052124  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048]
120052432  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3-B [KO:K09048]
120054772  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3-B [KO:K09048]
120017575  crebbpa; CREB-binding protein isoform X1 [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
120041333  CREB-binding protein-like isoform X1 [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
120034140  histone acetyltransferase p300-like [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
120046778  histone acetyltransferase p300-like isoform X1 [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
120029569  histone acetyltransferase p300-like [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
120037607  histone acetyltransferase p300-like [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
120024855  microphthalmia-associated transcription factor-like [KO:K09455]
120059203  microphthalmia-associated transcription factor-like [KO:K09455]
120065681  microphthalmia-associated transcription factor-like isoform X1 [KO:K09455]
120060698  microphthalmia-associated transcription factor-like [KO:K09455]
120058823  protein Wnt-1-like [KO:K03209]
120060632  wnt1; protein Wnt-1 [KO:K03209]
120065034  protein Wnt-2b-like [KO:K00182]
120058859  wnt2ba; wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 2Ba [KO:K00182]
120053521  protein Wnt-2-like [KO:K00182]
120066340  protein Wnt-2 [KO:K00182]
120020187  protein Wnt-3a [KO:K00312]
120045458  proto-oncogene Wnt-3-like [KO:K00312]
120029976  proto-oncogene Wnt-3 [KO:K00312]
120055592  wnt3a; protein Wnt-3a [KO:K00312]
120048609  protein Wnt-4-like [KO:K00408]
120048721  protein Wnt-4-like [KO:K00408]
120025131  wnt4; protein Wnt-4a [KO:K00408]
120065724  protein Wnt-4a-like [KO:K00408]
120043001  wnt5b; protein Wnt-5b [KO:K00444]
120061448  wnt5a; protein Wnt-5a [KO:K00444]
120063851  protein Wnt-6-like [KO:K00445]
120057846  protein Wnt-6-like [KO:K00445]
120049314  protein Wnt-7b-like [KO:K00572]
120032137  wnt7ba; protein Wnt-7b [KO:K00572]
120051780  protein Wnt-7b isoform X1 [KO:K00572]
120058992  protein Wnt-7a [KO:K00572]
120066151  protein Wnt-7b-like [KO:K00572]
120061338  protein Wnt-7a-like [KO:K00572]
120017963  protein Wnt-8b-like [KO:K00714]
120047931  protein Wnt-8a-like [KO:K00714]
120045658  protein Wnt-8b [KO:K00714]
120046922  protein Wnt-8a-like [KO:K00714]
120019794  protein Wnt-9a-like [KO:K01064]
120044538  wnt9b; protein Wnt-9b [KO:K01064]
120033973  protein Wnt-9b-like [KO:K01064]
120055978  protein Wnt-9a-like [KO:K01064]
120063852  protein Wnt-10a [KO:K01357]
120057755  protein Wnt-10a-like [KO:K01357]
120058822  protein Wnt-10b-like [KO:K01357]
120060633  wnt10b; protein Wnt-10b [KO:K01357]
120043682  protein Wnt-11-like [KO:K01384]
120044318  wnt11; protein Wnt-11 [KO:K01384]
120056520  protein Wnt-11-like [KO:K01384]
120057514  protein Wnt-11-like [KO:K01384]
120049399  protein Wnt-16-like [KO:K01558]
120031790  protein Wnt-16-like [KO:K01558]
120022692  frizzled-1-like [KO:K02432]
120040115  frizzled-7-A-like [KO:K02432]
120031410  frizzled-1-like [KO:K02432]
120048525  frizzled-1-like [KO:K02432]
120033702  frizzled-7-A-like [KO:K02432]
120027528  frizzled-1-like [KO:K02432]
120051282  frizzled-7-like [KO:K02432]
120044536  frizzled-2-like [KO:K02235]
120034387  frizzled-2-like [KO:K02235]
120019559  frizzled-3-like [KO:K02329]
120023851  frizzled-3-like [KO:K02329]
120024556  fzd3a; frizzled-3a [KO:K02329]
120060199  frizzled-3-like [KO:K02329]
120018062  frizzled-4-like [KO:K02354]
120029081  frizzled-4-like [KO:K02354]
120020122  frizzled-8-like [KO:K02375]
120039118  frizzled-5-like [KO:K02375]
120028076  fzd8a; frizzled-8a [KO:K02375]
120064112  frizzled-5-like [KO:K02375]
120058350  frizzled-5-like [KO:K02375]
120055563  frizzled-8-like [KO:K02375]
120031155  frizzled-6-like [KO:K02376]
120048534  frizzled-6-like [KO:K02376]
120018297  frizzled-9-like [KO:K02842]
120044348  frizzled-9-like isoform X1 [KO:K02842]
120028700  frizzled-9-like [KO:K02842]
120056493  frizzled-9 [KO:K02842]
120062850  frizzled-10-B-like [KO:K02842]
120051012  fzd10; frizzled-10 [KO:K02842]
120025017  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04534]
120047465  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04534]
120053904  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha-like isoform X1 [KO:K04534]
120066243  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04534]
120025440  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha-like isoform X1 [KO:K04634]
120044949  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04634]
120063082  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04634]
120050950  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04634]
120018700  segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3-like [KO:K02353]
120018701  segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3-like [KO:K02353]
120020466  segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3-like isoform X1 [KO:K02353]
120030429  segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-2-like isoform X1 [KO:K02353]
120029025  segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3-like [KO:K02353]
120055815  segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3-like isoform X1 [KO:K02353]
120049687  segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-2-like [KO:K02353]
120057399  segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-2-like [KO:K02353]
120059214  segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-1-like isoform X1 [KO:K02353]
120061325  segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-1-like isoform X1 [KO:K02353]
120033312  glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta isoform X1 [KO:K03083] [EC:2.7.11.26]
120051240  glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta-like isoform X1 [KO:K03083] [EC:2.7.11.26]
120064165  glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta-like isoform X1 [KO:K03083] [EC:2.7.11.26]
120058450  glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta-like isoform X1 [KO:K03083] [EC:2.7.11.26]
120031679  ctnnb1; catenin beta-1 [KO:K02105]
120044389  tcf7; transcription factor 7 [KO:K02620]
120056778  transcription factor 7-like 2 [KO:K02620]
120020954  transcription factor 7-like 1-B isoform X1 [KO:K04490]
120021019  transcription factor 7-like 1-B isoform X1 [KO:K04490]
120026317  transcription factor 7-like 1-B isoform X1 [KO:K04490]
120063242  transcription factor 7-like 1-B isoform X1 [KO:K04490]
120046309  transcription factor 7-like 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04491]
120029841  transcription factor 7-like 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04491]
120034764  lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1-like [KO:K04492]
120035026  lef1; lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 [KO:K04492]
120054158  kitlga; kit ligand a [KO:K05461]
120036035  kitb; KIT proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase b [KO:K05091] [EC:2.7.10.1]
120052583  kita; mast/stem cell growth factor receptor kita [KO:K05091] [EC:2.7.10.1]
120054924  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mast/stem cell growth factor receptor Kit-like [KO:K05091] [EC:2.7.10.1]
120054020  GTPase HRas-like [KO:K02833]
120066370  GTPase HRas [KO:K02833]
120043786  zgc:55558 [KO:K07827]
120054052  GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
120066403  kras; GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
120059498  raf1a; raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase a isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120061320  RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase-like [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120042460  dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1-like [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
120020580  dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2-like [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
120056021  map2k2b; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2b [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
120052438  dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2-like isoform X1 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
120054777  dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
120042809  mitogen-activated protein kinase 1-like [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
120033084  mitogen-activated protein kinase 1-like [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
120037194  mitogen-activated protein kinase 1-like [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
120052722  mitogen-activated protein kinase 1-like [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
120022663  tyrosinase-like [KO:K00505] [EC:1.14.18.1]
120027332  tyrosinase-like [KO:K00505] [EC:1.14.18.1]
120028905  tyr; tyrosinase [KO:K00505] [EC:1.14.18.1]
120030647  5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase-like [KO:K00506] [EC:1.14.18.-]
120049250  5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase-like [KO:K00506] [EC:1.14.18.-]
120043431  5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase-like [KO:K00506] [EC:1.14.18.-]
120063703  L-dopachrome tautomerase-like [KO:K01827] [EC:5.3.3.12]
120057890  L-dopachrome tautomerase-like [KO:K01827] [EC:5.3.3.12]
120057891  L-dopachrome tautomerase-like [KO:K01827] [EC:5.3.3.12]
120022664  endothelin-1-like [KO:K16366]
120027052  edn1; endothelin-1 [KO:K16366]
120019993  endothelin receptor type B-like [KO:K04198]
120040426  endothelin receptor type B-like [KO:K04198]
120058132  endothelin receptor type B-like [KO:K04198]
120055388  endothelin receptor type B-like [KO:K04198]
120031932  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1-like [KO:K04630]
120049972  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630]
120058769  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04630]
120059030  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04630]
120065173  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04630]
120065213  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2-like [KO:K04630]
120065674  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2-like [KO:K04630]
120054047  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1-like [KO:K04630]
120066397  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630]
120061057  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04630]
120061446  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2-like isoform X1 [KO:K04630]
120061450  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04630]
120023250  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1-like [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
120023312  plcb2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
120019373  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1-like [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
120019374  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4-like [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
120023930  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1-like [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
120024510  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4-like [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
120043354  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3-like [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
120049827  plcb3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
120060363  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1-like isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
120017554  calm2a; calmodulin 2a (phosphorylase kinase, delta) [KO:K02183]
120023175  calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
120018404  calm3a; calmodulin 3a (phosphorylase kinase, delta) [KO:K02183]
120019181  calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
120021390  calmodulin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K02183]
120024558  calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
120046500  calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
120028860  calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
120049836  calmodulin-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K02183]
120049929  calmodulin-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K02183]
120057231  calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
120065590  calglandulin-like [KO:K02183]
120060408  calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
120066611  calml4b; calmodulin-like protein 4 [KO:K02183]
120017633  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
120020925  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta-like [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
120021507  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha-like isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
120030077  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma-like isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
120030240  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
120043972  camk2b1; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) II beta 1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
120026217  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta-like [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
120046117  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II delta chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
120046553  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma-like [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
120049576  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II delta chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
120056652  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
120062966  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta-like [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
120032664  protein kinase C alpha type-like [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
120065642  protein kinase C alpha type [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
120042471  protein kinase C beta type [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
120036642  protein kinase C alpha type-like [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
Compound
C00076  Calcium cation
C00082  L-Tyrosine
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C05606  Melanin
Reference
PMID:15383650
  Authors
Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Wortsman J.
  Title
Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 84:1155-228 (2004)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00044.2003
Reference
PMID:10841026
  Authors
Busca R, Ballotti R.
  Title
Cyclic AMP a key messenger in the regulation of skin pigmentation.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 13:60-9 (2000)
DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0749.2000.130203.x
Reference
PMID:15016298
  Authors
Imokawa G.
  Title
Autocrine and paracrine regulation of melanocytes in human skin and in pigmentary disorders.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 17:96-110 (2004)
DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0749.2003.00126.x
Reference
PMID:11023702
  Authors
Wikberg JE, Muceniece R, Mandrika I, Prusis P, Lindblom J, Post C, Skottner A.
  Title
New aspects on the melanocortins and their receptors.
  Journal
Pharmacol Res 42:393-420 (2000)
DOI:10.1006/phrs.2000.0725
Reference
PMID:12894244
  Authors
Chin L.
  Title
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Related
pathway
snh00350  Tyrosine metabolism
snh04010  MAPK signaling pathway
snh04310  Wnt signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04916   
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