KEGG   PATHWAY: vlg00270
Entry
vlg00270                    Pathway                                
Name
Cysteine and methionine metabolism - Vulpes lagopus (Arctic fox)
Description
Cysteine and methionine are sulfur-containing amino acids. Cysteine is synthesized from serine through different pathways in different organism groups. In bacteria and plants, cysteine is converted from serine (via acetylserine) by transfer of hydrogen sulfide [MD:M00021]. In animals, methionine-derived homocysteine is used as sulfur source and its condensation product with serine (cystathionine) is converted to cysteine [MD:M00338]. Cysteine is metabolized to pyruvate in multiple routes. Methionine is an essential amino acid, which animals cannot synthesize. In bacteria and plants, methionine is synthesized from aspartate [MD:M00017]. S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM), synthesized from methionine and ATP, is a methyl group donor in many important transfer reactions including DNA methylation for regulation of gene expression. SAM may also be used to regenerate methionine in the methionine salvage pathway [MD:M00034].
Class
Metabolism; Amino acid metabolism
Pathway map
vlg00270  Cysteine and methionine metabolism
vlg00270

Module
vlg_M00034  Methionine salvage pathway [PATH:vlg00270]
vlg_M00035  Methionine degradation [PATH:vlg00270]
vlg_M00338  Cysteine biosynthesis, homocysteine + serine => cysteine [PATH:vlg00270]
Other DBs
GO: 0006534 0006555
Organism
Vulpes lagopus (Arctic fox) [GN:vlg]
Gene
121488165  CTH; cystathionine gamma-lyase isoform X1 [KO:K01758] [EC:4.4.1.1]
121473545  KYAT1; kynurenine--oxoglutarate transaminase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K00816] [EC:2.6.1.7 4.4.1.13 2.6.1.64]
121487504  KYAT3; kynurenine--oxoglutarate transaminase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K00816] [EC:2.6.1.7 4.4.1.13 2.6.1.64]
121479499  CBS; cystathionine beta-synthase-like protein isoform X1 [KO:K01697] [EC:4.2.1.22]
121489537  BHMT; betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1 [KO:K00544] [EC:2.1.1.5]
121489125  BHMT2; S-methylmethionine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase BHMT2 isoform X1 [KO:K00547] [EC:2.1.1.10]
121487395  MTR; methionine synthase isoform X1 [KO:K00548] [EC:2.1.1.13]
121486736  MAT2B; methionine adenosyltransferase 2 subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K00789] [EC:2.5.1.6]
121487714  MAT1A; S-adenosylmethionine synthase [KO:K00789] [EC:2.5.1.6]
121491116  MAT2A; S-adenosylmethionine synthase [KO:K00789] [EC:2.5.1.6]
121495948  AMD1; S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase proenzyme [KO:K01611] [EC:4.1.1.50]
121496721  SRM; spermidine synthase [KO:K00797] [EC:2.5.1.16]
121488958  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: spermine synthase-like [KO:K00802] [EC:2.5.1.22]
121483312  SMS; spermine synthase [KO:K00802] [EC:2.5.1.22]
121495432  S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine phosphorylase [KO:K00772] [EC:2.4.2.28]
121476857  LACC1; purine nucleoside phosphorylase LACC1 isoform X1 [KO:K05810] [EC:2.4.2.1 2.4.2.28 3.5.4.4]
121494260  MRI1; methylthioribose-1-phosphate isomerase [KO:K08963] [EC:5.3.1.23]
121472251  methylthioribulose-1-phosphate dehydratase [KO:K08964] [EC:4.2.1.109]
121493093  ENOPH1; enolase-phosphatase E1 isoform X1 [KO:K09880] [EC:3.1.3.77]
121490759  ADI1; 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene dioxygenase [KO:K08967] [EC:1.13.11.53 1.13.11.54]
121500695  TAT; tyrosine aminotransferase [KO:K00815] [EC:2.6.1.5]
121481065  L-amino-acid oxidase-like [KO:K03334] [EC:1.4.3.2]
121478904  IL4I1; L-amino-acid oxidase [KO:K03334] [EC:1.4.3.2]
121490377  GNMT; glycine N-methyltransferase [KO:K00552] [EC:2.1.1.20]
121495775  DNMT1; DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 [KO:K00558] [EC:2.1.1.37]
121490543  DNMT3A; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A [KO:K17398] [EC:2.1.1.37]
121478321  DNMT3B; DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3B isoform X1 [KO:K17399] [EC:2.1.1.37]
121474946  AHCYL2; adenosylhomocysteinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K01251] [EC:3.13.2.1]
121478234  AHCY; adenosylhomocysteinase [KO:K01251] [EC:3.13.2.1]
121486830  AHCYL1; S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase-like protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K01251] [EC:3.13.2.1]
121495280  aspartokinase 3-like [KO:K00928] [EC:2.7.2.4]
121480351  BCAT1; branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolic isoform X1 [KO:K00826] [EC:2.6.1.42]
121484340  BCAT2; branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00826] [EC:2.6.1.42]
121487429  AGXT2; alanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase 2, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00827] [EC:2.6.1.44 2.6.1.40]
121484430  GCLC; glutamate--cysteine ligase catalytic subunit [KO:K11204] [EC:6.3.2.2]
121487111  GCLM; glutamate--cysteine ligase regulatory subunit isoform X1 [KO:K11205]
121478092  GSS; glutathione synthetase [KO:K21456] [EC:6.3.2.3]
121494429  CDO1; cysteine dioxygenase type 1 [KO:K00456] [EC:1.13.11.20]
121489476  GOT1L1; putative aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic 2 [KO:K14454] [EC:2.6.1.1]
121484366  GOT1; aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic [KO:K14454] [EC:2.6.1.1]
121487018  aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic-like [KO:K14454] [EC:2.6.1.1]
121497840  GOT2; aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial [KO:K14455] [EC:2.6.1.1]
121490877  TST; thiosulfate sulfurtransferase [KO:K01011] [EC:2.8.1.1 2.8.1.2]
121490878  MPST; 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase isoform X1 [KO:K01011] [EC:2.8.1.1 2.8.1.2]
121475959  L-lactate dehydrogenase C chain [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
121476320  L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain-like [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
121476435  L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain isoform X1 [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
121477018  L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain-like [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
121484836  L-lactate dehydrogenase A-like 6A [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
121477827  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain-like [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
121480194  L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain-like [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
121480205  LDHB; L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
121499082  L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain-like [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
121493336  L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain-like [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
121500962  L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain-like [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
121490979  MDH1; malate dehydrogenase, cytoplasmic [KO:K00025] [EC:1.1.1.37]
121485855  malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial-like [KO:K00026] [EC:1.1.1.37]
121480035  malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial-like [KO:K00026] [EC:1.1.1.37]
121487994  MDH2; malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial [KO:K00026] [EC:1.1.1.37]
121494826  malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial-like [KO:K00026] [EC:1.1.1.37]
121475598  SDS; L-serine dehydratase/L-threonine deaminase isoform X1 [KO:K17989] [EC:4.3.1.17 4.3.1.19]
121475657  SDSL; serine dehydratase-like [KO:K17989] [EC:4.3.1.17 4.3.1.19]
121491341  PHGDH; D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase [KO:K00058] [EC:1.1.1.95 1.1.1.399]
121485606  PSAT1; phosphoserine aminotransferase [KO:K00831] [EC:2.6.1.52]
Compound
C00019  S-Adenosyl-L-methionine
C00021  S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine
C00022  Pyruvate
C00041  L-Alanine
C00049  L-Aspartate
C00051  Glutathione
C00059  Sulfate
C00065  L-Serine
C00073  L-Methionine
C00094  Sulfite
C00097  L-Cysteine
C00109  2-Oxobutanoate
C00155  L-Homocysteine
C00170  5'-Methylthioadenosine
C00197  3-Phospho-D-glycerate
C00263  L-Homoserine
C00283  Hydrogen sulfide
C00409  Methanethiol
C00441  L-Aspartate 4-semialdehyde
C00491  L-Cystine
C00506  L-Cysteate
C00606  3-Sulfino-L-alanine
C00793  D-Cysteine
C00957  Mercaptopyruvate
C00979  O-Acetyl-L-serine
C01005  O-Phospho-L-serine
C01077  O-Acetyl-L-homoserine
C01118  O-Succinyl-L-homoserine
C01137  S-Adenosylmethioninamine
C01180  4-Methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid
C01234  1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate
C01817  L-Homocystine
C01962  Thiocysteine
C02218  Dehydroalanine
C02291  L-Cystathionine
C02356  (S)-2-Aminobutanoate
C02989  L-Methionine S-oxide
C03082  4-Phospho-L-aspartate
C03089  5-Methylthio-D-ribose
C03145  N-Formylmethionine
C03232  3-Phosphonooxypyruvate
C03431  S-Inosyl-L-homocysteine
C03539  S-Ribosyl-L-homocysteine
C04188  S-Methyl-5-thio-D-ribose 1-phosphate
C04582  S-Methyl-5-thio-D-ribulose 1-phosphate
C05324  Nicotianamine
C05524  Aminoacyl-L-methionine
C05526  S-Glutathionyl-L-cysteine
C05527  3-Sulfinylpyruvate
C05528  3-Sulfopyruvate
C05823  3-Mercaptolactate
C05824  S-Sulfo-L-cysteine
C06547  Ethylene
C08276  3-(Methylthio)propanoate
C09306  Sulfur dioxide
C11437  1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate
C11481  HSO3-
C11499  (S)-3-Sulfolactate
C11537  (2R)-3-Sulfolactate
C15606  1,2-Dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one
C15650  2,3-Diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate
C15651  2-Hydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate
C18049  N-Acyl-L-homoserine lactone
C19787  5'-S-Methyl-5'-thioinosine
C21015  gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-2-aminobutyrate
C21016  Ophthalmate
C22359  S-Methyl-1-thio-D-xylulose 5-phosphate
Reference
PMID:15102328
  Authors
Sekowska A, Denervaud V, Ashida H, Michoud K, Haas D, Yokota A, Danchin A
  Title
Bacterial variations on the methionine salvage pathway.
  Journal
BMC Microbiol 4:9 (2004)
DOI:10.1186/1471-2180-4-9
Reference
PMID:14551435
  Authors
Ashida H, Saito Y, Kojima C, Kobayashi K, Ogasawara N, Yokota A.
  Title
A functional link between RuBisCO-like protein of Bacillus and photosynthetic RuBisCO.
  Journal
Science 302:286-90 (2003)
DOI:10.1126/science.1086997
Reference
PMID:12022921
  Authors
Sekowska A, Danchin A.
  Title
The methionine salvage pathway in Bacillus subtilis.
  Journal
BMC Microbiol 2:8 (2002)
DOI:10.1186/1471-2180-2-8
Reference
PMID:12670965
  Authors
Berger BJ, English S, Chan G, Knodel MH.
  Title
Methionine regeneration and aminotransferases in Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus anthracis.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 185:2418-31 (2003)
DOI:10.1128/JB.185.8.2418-2431.2003
Reference
PMID:17169919
  Authors
Goyer A, Collakova E, Shachar-Hill Y, Hanson AD
  Title
Functional characterization of a methionine gamma-lyase in Arabidopsis and its implication in an alternative to the reverse trans-sulfuration pathway.
  Journal
Plant Cell Physiol 48:232-42 (2007)
DOI:10.1093/pcp/pcl055
Reference
PMID:17030798
  Authors
Rebeille F, Jabrin S, Bligny R, Loizeau K, Gambonnet B, Van Wilder V, Douce R, Ravanel S
  Title
Methionine catabolism in Arabidopsis cells is initiated by a gamma-cleavage process and leads to S-methylcysteine and isoleucine syntheses.
  Journal
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:15687-92 (2006)
DOI:10.1073/pnas.0606195103
Reference
PMID:18625006
  Authors
Pirkov I, Norbeck J, Gustafsson L, Albers E
  Title
A complete inventory of all enzymes in the eukaryotic methionine salvage pathway.
  Journal
FEBS J 275:4111-20 (2008)
DOI:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06552.x
Reference
PMID:18391471
  Authors
Ashida H, Saito Y, Kojima C, Yokota A
  Title
Enzymatic characterization of 5-methylthioribulose-1-phosphate dehydratase of the methionine salvage pathway in Bacillus subtilis.
  Journal
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 72:959-67 (2008)
DOI:10.1271/bbb.70651
Reference
PMID:10613873
  Authors
Kitabatake M, So MW, Tumbula DL, Soll D
  Title
Cysteine biosynthesis pathway in the archaeon Methanosarcina barkeri encoded by acquired bacterial genes?
  Journal
J Bacteriol 182:143-5 (2000)
DOI:10.1128/JB.182.1.143-145.2000
Reference
PMID:12644499
  Authors
Mino K, Ishikawa K
  Title
Characterization of a novel thermostable O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase from Aeropyrum pernix K1.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 185:2277-84 (2003)
DOI:10.1128/JB.185.7.2277-2284.2003
Reference
PMID:18520135
  Authors
Tanabe S
  Title
Development of assay methods for endogenous inorganic sulfur compounds and sulfurtransferases and evaluation of the physiological functions of bound sulfur.
  Journal
Yakugaku Zasshi 128:881-900 (2008)
DOI:10.1248/yakushi.128.881
Reference
  Authors
Nishizuka Y, Seyama Y, Ikai A, Ishimura Y, Kawaguchi A (eds).
  Title
[Cellular Functions and Metabolic Maps] (In Japanese)
  Journal
Tokyo Kagaku Dojin (1997)
Reference
PMID:19270684
  Authors
Gutierrez JA, Crowder T, Rinaldo-Matthis A, Ho MC, Almo SC, Schramm VL
  Title
Transition state analogs of 5'-methylthioadenosine nucleosidase disrupt quorum sensing.
  Journal
Nat Chem Biol 5:251-7 (2009)
DOI:10.1038/nchembio.153
Related
pathway
vlg00010  Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis
vlg00250  Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
vlg00260  Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism
vlg00290  Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis
vlg00430  Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism
vlg00480  Glutathione metabolism
vlg00620  Pyruvate metabolism
vlg00640  Propanoate metabolism
vlg00770  Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis
vlg00900  Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
vlg00920  Sulfur metabolism
KO pathway
ko00270   
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