Entry
Name
Human cytomegalovirus infection - Equus caballus (horse)
Description
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus that is a member of beta-herpesvirus family. HCMV is best known for causing significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised populations. As with other herpesviruses, HCMV gB and gH/gL envelope glycoproteins are essential for virus entry. HCMV gB could activate the PDGFRA, and induce activation of the oncogenic PI3-K/AKT pathway. Though it is unlikely that HCMV by itself can act as an oncogenic factor, HCMV may have an oncomodulatory role, to catalyze an oncogenic process that has already been initiated. US28, one of the four HCMV-encoded vGPCRs (US27, US28, UL33 and UL78), also has a specific role in the oncomodulatory properties. In addition, HCMV has developed numerous mechanisms for manipulating the host immune system. The virally encoded US2, US3, US6 and US11 gene products all interfere with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen presentation. HCMV encodes several immediate early (IE) antiapoptotic proteins (IE1, IE2, vMIA and vICA). These proteins might avoid immune clearance of infected tumor cells by cytotoxic lymphocytes and NK cells.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: viral
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
ecb05163 Human cytomegalovirus infection
Ortholog table
Organism
Equus caballus (horse) [GN:
ecb ]
Gene
100051623 PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
100058141 PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
100051753 PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
100052122 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
100050227 PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X3 [KO:K02649 ]
100146348 PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649 ]
100057875 EIF4EBP1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 [KO:K07205 ]
100067894 NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X4 [KO:K02580 ]
100061732 RAC1; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04392 ]
100054701 RAC2; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2 isoform X2 [KO:K07860 ]
100054738 RAC3; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3 isoform X1 [KO:K07861 ]
100062046 TMEM173; stimulator of interferon genes protein isoform X2 [KO:K12654 ]
100059548 TNFRSF1A; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A [KO:K03158 ]
100065824 TRADD; tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein isoform X1 [KO:K03171 ]
100061395 GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536 ]
100067486 GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537 ]
100052560 GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 isoform X2 [KO:K07825 ]
100058274 GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 [KO:K04538 ]
100146498 GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 [KO:K04539 ]
100630067 GNG2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 [KO:K07826 ]
100063795 GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540 ]
100058605 GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541 ]
100064813 GNG5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542 ]
100059736 GNG7; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543 ]
106782014 GNG8; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 [KO:K04544 ]
100630493 GNG10; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545 ]
100051499 GNG11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546 ]
100063518 GNG14; putative guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-14 [KO:K04347 ]
100630574 GNG12; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347 ]
100065327 GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 [KO:K04547 ]
100051430 GNGT1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548 ]
100069660 GNGT2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 isoform X2 [KO:K04549 ]
100063136 GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04634 ]
100067327 GNA11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 [KO:K04635 ]
100057315 PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
100051558 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
100051485 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
100052808 ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
100064557 ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04959 ]
100053019 ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04960 ]
100064482 CALML6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calmodulin-like protein 6 [KO:K02183 ]
100057357 PPP3CC; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
100067434 PPP3CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X4 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
100072862 PPP3CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
100065378 NFATC1; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04446 ]
100052657 NFATC2; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 2 isoform X4 [KO:K17332 ]
100053856 NFATC3; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 3 isoform X1 [KO:K17333 ]
100054213 NFATC4; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 4 isoform X1 [KO:K17334 ]
100055673 GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630 ]
100062085 GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630 ]
100058238 GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(k) subunit alpha [KO:K04630 ]
100051282 GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04534 ]
100060005 GNA12; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-12 [KO:K04346 ]
100062972 GNA13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-13 [KO:K04639 ]
102150569 ARHGEF1; rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K12330 ]
100064689 ARHGEF11; rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 11 isoform X2 [KO:K12331 ]
100071503 ARHGEF12; rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 12 isoform X2 [KO:K07532 ]
111774267 PTGER1; prostaglandin E2 receptor EP1 subtype isoform X1 [KO:K04258 ]
111769596 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: prostaglandin E2 receptor EP2 subtype-like [KO:K04259 ]
100053557 PTGER3; prostaglandin E2 receptor EP3 subtype isoform X3 [KO:K04260 ]
100056464 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04632 ]
102148787 IL6R; interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha isoform X2 [KO:K05055 ]
100034011 STAT3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 [KO:K04692 ]
100033839 VEGFA; vascular endothelial growth factor A precursor [KO:K05448 ]
100066388 CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 [KO:K05870 ]
100053304 ATF2; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04450 ]
100070334 ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374 ]
100062307 CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
100064828 CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048 ]
100057002 CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
100067794 CREB3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048 ]
100063153 CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 [KO:K09048 ]
100054803 CREB5; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K09047 ]
100059348 ATF6B; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 beta isoform X1 [KO:K09049 ]
100068908 BCAR1; breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05726 ]
100071172 IL10RA; interleukin-10 receptor subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K05134 ]
100052549 IL10RB; interleukin-10 receptor subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K05135 ]
100054114 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain G isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
100051657 7-51 putative nonclassical MHC class I antigen precursor [KO:K06751 ]
100057920 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, Cw-12 alpha chain isoform X2 [KO:K06751 ]
100056182 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B-40 alpha chain isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
100049798 class I histocompatibility antigen, Gogo-OKO alpha chain isoform X12 [KO:K06751 ]
100050473 class I histocompatibility antigen, Gogo-B*0103 alpha chain isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
100050706 saoe class I histocompatibility antigen, A alpha chain isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
100053918 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B-46 alpha chain isoform X2 [KO:K06751 ]
100054397 saoe class I histocompatibility antigen, A alpha chain [KO:K06751 ]
100054448 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain G isoform X3 [KO:K06751 ]
100056309 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B-15 alpha chain-like [KO:K06751 ]
100056099 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain G isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
100056231 saoe class I histocompatibility antigen, A alpha chain-like [KO:K06751 ]
100059994 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B-15 alpha chain isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
100060096 H-2 class I histocompatibility antigen, Q9 alpha chain-like [KO:K06751 ]
100052326 FASLG; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 [KO:K04389 ]
100071639 FAS; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 isoform X1 [KO:K04390 ]
Compound
C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C05981 Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
Authors
Michaelis M, Doerr HW, Cinatl J
Title
The story of human cytomegalovirus and cancer: increasing evidence and open questions.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Roy S, Arav-Boger R
Title
New cell-signaling pathways for controlling cytomegalovirus replication.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Cinatl J, Scholz M, Kotchetkov R, Vogel JU, Doerr HW
Title
Molecular mechanisms of the modulatory effects of HCMV infection in tumor cell biology.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Evers DL, Wang X, Huang ES
Title
Cellular stress and signal transduction responses to human cytomegalovirus infection.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Murray MJ, Peters NE, Reeves MB
Title
Navigating the Host Cell Response during Entry into Sites of Latent Cytomegalovirus Infection.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Campadelli-Fiume G, Collins-McMillen D, Gianni T, Yurochko AD
Title
Integrins as Herpesvirus Receptors and Mediators of the Host Signalosome.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Fu YZ, Su S, Gao YQ, Wang PP, Huang ZF, Hu MM, Luo WW, Li S, Luo MH, Wang YY, Shu HB
Title
Human Cytomegalovirus Tegument Protein UL82 Inhibits STING-Mediated Signaling to Evade Antiviral Immunity.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hancock MH, Nelson JA
Title
Modulation of the NFkappab Signalling Pathway by Human Cytomegalovirus.
Journal
Virology (Hyderabad) 1:104 (2017)
Reference
Authors
Rahman MM, McFadden G
Title
Modulation of NF-kappaB signalling by microbial pathogens.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Zhang J, Feng H, Xu S, Feng P
Title
Hijacking GPCRs by viral pathogens and tumor.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lee S, Chung YH, Lee C
Title
US28, a Virally-Encoded GPCR as an Antiviral Target for Human Cytomegalovirus Infection.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Langemeijer EV, Slinger E, de Munnik S, Schreiber A, Maussang D, Vischer H, Verkaar F, Leurs R, Siderius M, Smit MJ
Title
Constitutive beta-catenin signaling by the viral chemokine receptor US28.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Couty JP, Gershengorn MC
Title
G-protein-coupled receptors encoded by human herpesviruses.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Fiallos E, Judkins J, Matlaf L, Prichard M, Dittmer D, Cobbs C, Soroceanu L
Title
Human cytomegalovirus gene expression in long-term infected glioma stem cells.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Vischer HF, Siderius M, Leurs R, Smit MJ
Title
Herpesvirus-encoded GPCRs: neglected players in inflammatory and proliferative diseases?
Journal
Reference
Authors
Slinger E, Langemeijer E, Siderius M, Vischer HF, Smit MJ
Title
Herpesvirus-encoded GPCRs rewire cellular signaling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Murphy PM
Title
Viral exploitation and subversion of the immune system through chemokine mimicry.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Vischer HF, Leurs R, Smit MJ
Title
HCMV-encoded G-protein-coupled receptors as constitutively active modulators of cellular signaling networks.
Journal
Reference
Authors
de Munnik SM, Smit MJ, Leurs R, Vischer HF
Title
Modulation of cellular signaling by herpesvirus-encoded G protein-coupled receptors.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Michelson S
Title
Consequences of human cytomegalovirus mimicry.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Tu CC, Arnolds KL, O'Connor CM, Spencer JV
Title
Human Cytomegalovirus UL111A and US27 Gene Products Enhance the CXCL12/CXCR4 Signaling Axis via Distinct Mechanisms.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Busillo JM, Benovic JL
Title
Regulation of CXCR4 signaling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Noriega V, Redmann V, Gardner T, Tortorella D
Title
Diverse immune evasion strategies by human cytomegalovirus.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Loureiro J, Ploegh HL
Title
Antigen presentation and the ubiquitin-proteasome system in host-pathogen interactions.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Fortunato EA, McElroy AK, Sanchez I, Spector DH
Title
Exploitation of cellular signaling and regulatory pathways by human cytomegalovirus.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Cinatl J Jr, Scholz M, Doerr HW
Title
Role of tumor cell immune escape mechanisms in cytomegalovirus-mediated oncomodulation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Cinatl J Jr, Vogel JU, Kotchetkov R, Wilhelm Doerr H
Title
Oncomodulatory signals by regulatory proteins encoded by human cytomegalovirus: a novel role for viral infection in tumor progression.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Castillo JP, Kowalik TF
Title
Human cytomegalovirus immediate early proteins and cell growth control.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kalejta RF
Title
Human cytomegalovirus pp71: a new viral tool to probe the mechanisms of cell cycle progression and oncogenesis controlled by the retinoblastoma family of tumor suppressors.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Brune W
Title
Inhibition of programmed cell death by cytomegaloviruses.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Brune W, Andoniou CE
Title
Die Another Day: Inhibition of Cell Death Pathways by Cytomegalovirus.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Yamin R, Lecker LSM, Weisblum Y, Vitenshtein A, Le-Trilling VTK, Wolf DG, Mandelboim O
Title
HCMV vCXCL1 Binds Several Chemokine Receptors and Preferentially Attracts Neutrophils over NK Cells by Interacting with CXCR2.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Wang X, Sanchez J, Stone MJ, Payne RJ
Title
Sulfation of the Human Cytomegalovirus Protein UL22A Enhances Binding to the Chemokine RANTES.
Journal
Related pathway
ecb04612 Antigen processing and presentation
ecb04810 Regulation of actin cytoskeleton
KO pathway
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