KEGG   PATHWAY: pcad04974
Entry
pcad04974                   Pathway                                
Name
Protein digestion and absorption - Physeter catodon (sperm whale)
Description
Protein is a dietary component essential for nutritional homeostasis in humans. Normally, ingested protein undergoes a complex series of degradative processes following the action of gastric, pancreatic and small intestinal enzymes. The result of this proteolytic activity is a mixture of amino acids and small peptides. Amino acids (AAs) are transported into the enterocyte (intestinal epithelial cell) by a variety of AA transporters that are specific for cationic (basic) AA, neutral AA, and anionic (acidic) AA. Small peptides are absorbed into enterocytes by the PEPT1 transporter. Inside enterocytes peptides are hydrolyzed, and the resulting amino acids are released together with those absorbed by AA transporters into blood via multiple, basolateral, AA transporters. Hydrolysis-resistant peptides, however, are transported out of the cells by a basolateral peptide transporter that has not been identified molecularly.
Class
Organismal Systems; Digestive system
Pathway map
pcad04974  Protein digestion and absorption
pcad04974

Other DBs
GO: 0044256 0050892
Organism
Physeter catodon (sperm whale) [GN:pcad]
Gene
102978341  pregnancy-associated glycoprotein 2-like [KO:K06002] [EC:3.4.23.1]
102995056  pepsin A-like [KO:K06002] [EC:3.4.23.1]
112067444  pregnancy-associated glycoprotein 2-like isoform X1 [KO:K06002] [EC:3.4.23.1]
102983302  trypsin-like isoform X1 [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
102976557  chymotrypsinogen B [KO:K01310] [EC:3.4.21.1]
102975993  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: chymotrypsinogen B-like [KO:K01310] [EC:3.4.21.1]
102976269  chymotrypsinogen 2 [KO:K01310] [EC:3.4.21.1]
102974252  CTRL; chymotrypsin-like protease CTRL-1 isoform X1 [KO:K09632] [EC:3.4.21.-]
102975160  chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 2A [KO:K01346] [EC:3.4.21.71]
102976238  proproteinase E [KO:K01345] [EC:3.4.21.70]
102993960  CPA1; carboxypeptidase A1 isoform X3 [KO:K08779] [EC:3.4.17.1]
102993408  CPA2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: carboxypeptidase A2 [KO:K01298] [EC:3.4.17.15]
102974225  CPA3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mast cell carboxypeptidase A [KO:K08780] [EC:3.4.17.1]
102974801  CPB1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: carboxypeptidase B [KO:K01291] [EC:3.4.17.2]
102985818  CPB2; carboxypeptidase B2 [KO:K01300] [EC:3.4.17.20]
102988630  SLC9A3; sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3 isoform X1 [KO:K12040]
102984150  SLC15A1; solute carrier family 15 member 1 [KO:K14206]
102985775  ATP1A3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
102983659  ATP1A1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
102982135  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
102981487  sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2 isoform X2 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
102988723  ATP1B4; protein ATP1B4 isoform X1 [KO:K01540]
102985944  ATP1B2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2 [KO:K01540]
102988537  ATP1B1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01540]
102981290  ATP1B3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3 [KO:K01540]
102974454  FXYD2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma [KO:K01538]
102974394  KCNN4; intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 4 [KO:K04945]
102991495  KCNK5; potassium channel subfamily K member 5 [KO:K04916]
102978945  KCNE3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 3 [KO:K04897]
102991826  potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 3-like [KO:K04897]
102974387  KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04926]
102974080  KCNJ13; inward rectifier potassium channel 13 isoform X1 [KO:K05006]
102982789  SLC38A2; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid symporter 2 isoform X2 [KO:K14207]
102991612  MME; neprilysin isoform X1 [KO:K01389] [EC:3.4.24.11]
102981811  MEP1A; meprin A subunit alpha [KO:K01395] [EC:3.4.24.18]
102977401  MEP1B; meprin A subunit beta [KO:K08606] [EC:3.4.24.63]
102996907  ACE2; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 isoform X1 [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
102985940  PRCP; lysosomal Pro-X carboxypeptidase isoform X1 [KO:K01285] [EC:3.4.16.2]
102995718  DPP4; dipeptidyl peptidase 4 [KO:K01278] [EC:3.4.14.5]
102991997  XPNPEP2; xaa-Pro aminopeptidase 2 [KO:K14208] [EC:3.4.11.9]
102996882  SLC1A1; excitatory amino acid transporter 3 [KO:K05612]
102990142  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: neutral amino acid transporter B(0) [KO:K05616]
114483958  sodium/calcium exchanger 3 [KO:K05849]
102977412  SLC8A2; sodium/calcium exchanger 2 [KO:K05849]
102983208  SLC8A1; sodium/calcium exchanger 1 isoform X4 [KO:K05849]
102981180  sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT1 [KO:K05334]
102982424  SLC3A2; 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain [KO:K06519]
102979630  SLC7A8; large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 2 isoform X1 [KO:K13781]
102974906  proton-coupled amino acid transporter 3 [KO:K14209]
114486805  proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1-like [KO:K14209]
102974624  SLC36A2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: proton-coupled amino acid transporter 2 [KO:K14209]
102990558  SLC36A4; neutral amino acid uniporter 4 isoform X1 [KO:K14209]
102973667  proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 [KO:K14209]
102990599  SLC16A10; monocarboxylate transporter 10 isoform X1 [KO:K08187]
102991678  SLC3A1; neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT [KO:K14210]
102973231  SLC7A9; B(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1 [KO:K13868]
102988745  SLC7A7; Y+L amino acid transporter 1 [KO:K13867]
102974557  COL1A2; collagen alpha-2(I) chain [KO:K06236]
102984195  COL1A1; collagen alpha-1(I) chain [KO:K06236]
102984074  COL2A1; collagen alpha-1(II) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19719]
102977247  COL3A1; collagen alpha-1(III) chain [KO:K19720]
102992563  COL4A3; collagen alpha-3(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
102984824  COL4A6; collagen alpha-6(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
102975365  COL4A5; collagen alpha-5(IV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06237]
102988692  COL4A4; collagen alpha-4(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
102978518  COL4A2; collagen alpha-2(IV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06237]
102978798  COL4A1; collagen alpha-1(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
102983342  collagen alpha-1(XXVII) chain [KO:K19721]
114486840  COL27A1; collagen alpha-1(XXVII) chain [KO:K19721]
102974832  COL5A3; collagen alpha-3(V) chain [KO:K19721]
102992871  COL5A1; collagen alpha-1(V) chain [KO:K19721]
102974153  COL24A1; collagen alpha-1(XXIV) chain [KO:K19721]
102984311  COL11A1; collagen alpha-1(XI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
102995996  COL11A2; collagen alpha-2(XI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
102976978  COL5A2; collagen alpha-2(V) chain [KO:K19721]
102984497  COL6A6; collagen alpha-6(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
102976519  COL6A1; collagen alpha-1(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
102978896  COL6A5; collagen alpha-5(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
102986665  COL6A3; collagen alpha-3(VI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06238]
102987169  COL6A2; collagen alpha-2(VI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06238]
102979304  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-4(VI) chain-like [KO:K06238]
102995916  COL8A1; collagen alpha-1(VIII) chain [KO:K23455]
102993994  COL8A2; collagen alpha-2(VIII) chain [KO:K23455]
102974331  COL9A1; collagen alpha-1(IX) chain [KO:K08131]
102975888  COL9A3; collagen alpha-3(IX) chain [KO:K08131]
102989754  COL9A2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-2(IX) chain [KO:K08131]
102975247  COL10A1; collagen alpha-1(X) chain [KO:K19479]
102978535  COL12A1; collagen alpha-1(XII) chain isoform X1 [KO:K08132]
102981542  COL13A1; collagen alpha-1(XIII) chain [KO:K16617]
102984348  COL14A1; collagen alpha-1(XIV) chain [KO:K08133]
102978323  COL15A1; collagen alpha-1(XV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K08135]
102987599  COL16A1; collagen alpha-1(XVI) chain [KO:K24339]
102973374  COL17A1; collagen alpha-1(XVII) chain isoform X1 [KO:K07603]
102978859  COL18A1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-1(XVIII) chain [KO:K06823]
112067401  COL19A1; collagen alpha-1(XIX) chain [KO:K24340]
102973849  COL20A1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-1(XX) chain [KO:K24357]
102974480  COL21A1; collagen alpha-1(XXI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K16629]
102996709  COL22A1; collagen alpha-1(XXII) chain [KO:K16630]
102982716  COL23A1; collagen alpha-1(XXIII) chain [KO:K24355]
112063750  COL25A1; collagen alpha-1(XXV) chain [KO:K24356]
102992466  COL26A1; collagen alpha-1(XXVI) chain [KO:K24358]
102984847  COL28A1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-1(XXVIII) chain [KO:K23619]
Compound
C00011  CO2
C00014  Ammonia
C00025  L-Glutamate
C00033  Acetate
C00037  Glycine
C00041  L-Alanine
C00047  L-Lysine
C00049  L-Aspartate
C00062  L-Arginine
C00064  L-Glutamine
C00065  L-Serine
C00073  L-Methionine
C00076  Calcium cation
C00078  L-Tryptophan
C00079  L-Phenylalanine
C00080  H+
C00082  L-Tyrosine
C00097  L-Cysteine
C00099  beta-Alanine
C00123  L-Leucine
C00134  Putrescine
C00135  L-Histidine
C00146  Phenol
C00148  L-Proline
C00152  L-Asparagine
C00163  Propanoate
C00183  L-Valine
C00188  L-Threonine
C00238  Potassium cation
C00246  Butanoic acid
C00282  Hydrogen
C00388  Histamine
C00407  L-Isoleucine
C00463  Indole
C00483  Tyramine
C00491  L-Cystine
C01327  Hydrochloric acid
C01330  Sodium cation
C01438  Methane
C01468  4-Cresol
C01672  Cadaverine
C01746  Piperidine
C02632  2-Methylpropanoate
C05996  Branched chain fatty acid
C08262  3-Methylbutanoic acid
C16138  L-Pyrrolysine
C18319  2-Methylbutyrate
Reference
PMID:18195088
  Authors
Broer S
  Title
Amino acid transport across mammalian intestinal and renal epithelia.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 88:249-86 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00018.2006
Reference
PMID:15772300
  Authors
Palacin M, Nunes V, Font-Llitjos M, Jimenez-Vidal M, Fort J, Gasol E, Pineda M, Feliubadalo L, Chillaron J, Zorzano A
  Title
The genetics of heteromeric amino acid transporters.
  Journal
Physiology (Bethesda) 20:112-24 (2005)
DOI:10.1152/physiol.00051.2004
Reference
PMID:20522896
  Authors
Goodman BE
  Title
Insights into digestion and absorption of major nutrients in humans.
  Journal
Adv Physiol Educ 34:44-53 (2010)
DOI:10.1152/advan.00094.2009
Reference
PMID:11546643
  Authors
Wagner CA, Lang F, Broer S
  Title
Function and structure of heterodimeric amino acid transporters.
  Journal
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281:C1077-93 (2001)
DOI:10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.4.C1077
Reference
PMID:18400692
  Authors
Broer S
  Title
Apical transporters for neutral amino acids: physiology and pathophysiology.
  Journal
Physiology (Bethesda) 23:95-103 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physiol.00045.2007
Reference
PMID:9687539
  Authors
Wu G
  Title
Intestinal mucosal amino acid catabolism.
  Journal
J Nutr 128:1249-52 (1998)
DOI:10.1093/jn/128.8.1249
Reference
PMID:14977407
  Authors
Daniel H
  Title
Molecular and integrative physiology of intestinal peptide transport.
  Journal
Annu Rev Physiol 66:361-84 (2004)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.144149
Reference
PMID:12237156
  Authors
Rubio-Aliaga I, Daniel H
  Title
Mammalian peptide transporters as targets for drug delivery.
  Journal
Trends Pharmacol Sci 23:434-40 (2002)
DOI:10.1016/S0165-6147(02)02072-2
Reference
PMID:7937532
  Authors
Bai JP
  Title
Distribution of brush-border membrane peptidases along the rat intestine.
  Journal
Pharm Res 11:897-900 (1994)
DOI:10.1023/a:1018946228432
Reference
PMID:12583961
  Authors
Guarner F, Malagelada JR
  Title
Gut flora in health and disease.
  Journal
Lancet 361:512-9 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12489-0
Reference
PMID:16887608
  Authors
Smith EA, Macfarlane GT
  Title
Dissimilatory amino Acid metabolism in human colonic bacteria.
  Journal
Anaerobe 3:327-37 (1997)
DOI:10.1006/anae.1997.0121
Reference
PMID:20093818
  Authors
Schepers E, Glorieux G, Vanholder R
  Title
The gut: the forgotten organ in uremia?
  Journal
Blood Purif 29:130-6 (2010)
DOI:10.1159/000245639
Reference
  Authors
John H.Cummings
  Title
The large intestine in nutrition and disease
  Journal
Institut Danone
Reference
PMID:18626068
  Authors
Heitzmann D, Warth R
  Title
Physiology and pathophysiology of potassium channels in gastrointestinal epithelia.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 88:1119-82 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00020.2007
Related
pathway
pcad00250  Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
pcad04530  Tight junction
pcad04971  Gastric acid secretion
pcad04972  Pancreatic secretion
KO pathway
ko04974   
LinkDB

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