KEGG PATHWAY: xtr00270

PATHWAY: xtr00270

Entry

xtr00270                    Pathway

Name

Cysteine and methionine metabolism - Xenopus tropicalis (tropical clawed frog)

Description

Cysteine and methionine are sulfur-containing amino acids. Cysteine is synthesized from serine through different pathways in different organism groups. In bacteria and plants, cysteine is converted from serine (via acetylserine) by transfer of hydrogen sulfide [MD:M00021]. In animals, methionine-derived homocysteine is used as sulfur source and its condensation product with serine (cystathionine) is converted to cysteine [MD:M00338]. Cysteine is metabolized to pyruvate in multiple routes. Methionine is an essential amino acid, which animals cannot synthesize. In bacteria and plants, methionine is synthesized from aspartate [MD:M00017]. S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM), synthesized from methionine and ATP, is a methyl group donor in many important transfer reactions including DNA methylation for regulation of gene expression. SAM may also be used to regenerate methionine in the methionine salvage pathway [MD:M00034].

Class

Metabolism; Amino acid metabolism

Pathway map

xtr00270

Cysteine and methionine metabolism

Module

xtr_M00034

Methionine salvage pathway [PATH:xtr00270]

xtr_M00035

Methionine degradation [PATH:xtr00270]

xtr_M00338

Cysteine biosynthesis, homocysteine + serine => cysteine [PATH:xtr00270]

Other DBs

GO:	0006534 0006555

Organism

Xenopus tropicalis (tropical clawed frog) [GN:xtr]

Gene

394634

cth; cystathionine gamma-lyase [KO:K01758] [EC:4.4.1.1]

496736

kyat1; kynurenine--oxoglutarate transaminase 1 [KO:K00816] [EC:2.6.1.7 4.4.1.13 2.6.1.64]

493533

cbs; cystathionine beta-synthase [KO:K01697] [EC:4.2.1.22]

496651

bhmt; betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1 [KO:K00544] [EC:2.1.1.5]

394486

MGC75760; uncharacterized protein LOC394486 [KO:K00547] [EC:2.1.1.10]

100488827

mtr; methionine synthase isoform X1 [KO:K00548] [EC:2.1.1.13]

395032

mat2a; S-adenosylmethionine synthase [KO:K00789] [EC:2.5.1.6]

549582

mat2b; methionine adenosyltransferase 2 subunit beta [KO:K00789] [EC:2.5.1.6]

100127858

mat1a; S-adenosylmethionine synthase [KO:K00789] [EC:2.5.1.6]

549897

amd1; S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase proenzyme [KO:K01611] [EC:4.1.1.50]

100489759

srm; spermidine synthase isoform X1 [KO:K00797] [EC:2.5.1.16]

100497747

sms; spermine synthase [KO:K00802] [EC:2.5.1.22]

496996

mtap; S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine phosphorylase [KO:K00772] [EC:2.4.2.28]

100494552

lacc1; laccase domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05810] [EC:2.4.2.1 2.4.2.28 3.5.4.4]

549631

mri1; methylthioribose-1-phosphate isomerase [KO:K08963] [EC:5.3.1.23]

548429

apip; methylthioribulose-1-phosphate dehydratase [KO:K08964] [EC:4.2.1.109]

733933

enoph1; enolase-phosphatase E1 [KO:K09880] [EC:3.1.3.77]

448325

adi1; 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene dioxygenase [KO:K08967] [EC:1.13.11.53 1.13.11.54]

100494108

1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene dioxygenase [KO:K08967] [EC:1.13.11.53 1.13.11.54]

448486

tat; tyrosine aminotransferase [KO:K00815] [EC:2.6.1.5]

100493881

il4i1; L-amino-acid oxidase [KO:K03334] [EC:1.4.3.2]

100496394

L-amino-acid oxidase [KO:K03334] [EC:1.4.3.2]

116410885

gnmt; glycine N-methyltransferase [KO:K00552] [EC:2.1.1.20]

100151716

dnmt1; DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 [KO:K00558] [EC:2.1.1.37]

100496503

dnmt3a; DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A isoform X4 [KO:K17398] [EC:2.1.1.37]

100492187

DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A [KO:K17398] [EC:2.1.1.37]

733486

ahcy; adenosylhomocysteinase [KO:K01251] [EC:3.13.2.1]

549163

ahcyl2; adenosylhomocysteinase 3 [KO:K01251] [EC:3.13.2.1]

100158541

ahcyl1; adenosylhomocysteinase 2 [KO:K01251] [EC:3.13.2.1]

448409

bcat2; branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial [KO:K00826] [EC:2.6.1.42]

100124778

bcat1; branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolic [KO:K00826] [EC:2.6.1.42]

100491739

agxt2; alanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase 2, mitochondrial [KO:K00827] [EC:2.6.1.44 2.6.1.40]

780264

gclc; glutamate--cysteine ligase catalytic subunit [KO:K11204] [EC:6.3.2.2]

549290

gclm; glutamate--cysteine ligase regulatory subunit [KO:K11205]

493407

gss; glutathione synthetase [KO:K21456] [EC:6.3.2.3]

394737

cdo1; cysteine dioxygenase type 1 [KO:K00456] [EC:1.13.11.20]

407943

got1; aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic [KO:K14454] [EC:2.6.1.1]

549687

got2; aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial precursor [KO:K14455] [EC:2.6.1.1]

448116

mpst; 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase [KO:K01011] [EC:2.8.1.1 2.8.1.2]

100125137

tst; thiosulfate sulfurtransferase [KO:K01011] [EC:2.8.1.1 2.8.1.2]

100492858

thiosulfate sulfurtransferase [KO:K01011] [EC:2.8.1.1 2.8.1.2]

394477

ldhb; L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]

394758

ldha; L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]

448318

mdh1; malate dehydrogenase, cytoplasmic isoform mdh1 [KO:K00025] [EC:1.1.1.37]

496892

mdh2; malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial [KO:K00026] [EC:1.1.1.37]

100101671

sds; L-serine dehydratase/L-threonine deaminase [KO:K17989] [EC:4.3.1.17 4.3.1.19]

496756

sdsl; serine dehydratase-like [KO:K17989] [EC:4.3.1.17 4.3.1.19]

548683

phgdh; D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase [KO:K00058] [EC:1.1.1.95 1.1.1.399]

549336

psat1; phosphoserine aminotransferase [KO:K00831] [EC:2.6.1.52]

Compound

C00019

S-Adenosyl-L-methionine

C00021

S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine

C00022

Pyruvate

C00041

L-Alanine

C00049

L-Aspartate

C00051

Glutathione

C00059

Sulfate

C00065

L-Serine

C00073

L-Methionine

C00094

Sulfite

C00097

L-Cysteine

C00109

2-Oxobutanoate

C00155

L-Homocysteine

C00170

5'-Methylthioadenosine

C00197

3-Phospho-D-glycerate

C00263

L-Homoserine

C00283

Hydrogen sulfide

C00409

Methanethiol

C00441

L-Aspartate 4-semialdehyde

C00491

L-Cystine

C00506

L-Cysteate

C00606

3-Sulfino-L-alanine

C00793

D-Cysteine

C00957

Mercaptopyruvate

C00979

O-Acetyl-L-serine

C01005

O-Phospho-L-serine

C01077

O-Acetyl-L-homoserine

C01118

O-Succinyl-L-homoserine

C01137

S-Adenosylmethioninamine

C01180

4-Methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid

C01234

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate

C01817

L-Homocystine

C01962

Thiocysteine

C02218

Dehydroalanine

C02291

L-Cystathionine

C02356

(S)-2-Aminobutanoate

C02989

L-Methionine S-oxide

C03082

4-Phospho-L-aspartate

C03089

5-Methylthio-D-ribose

C03145

N-Formylmethionine

C03232

3-Phosphonooxypyruvate

C03431

S-Inosyl-L-homocysteine

C03539

S-Ribosyl-L-homocysteine

C04188

S-Methyl-5-thio-D-ribose 1-phosphate

C04582

S-Methyl-5-thio-D-ribulose 1-phosphate

C05324

Nicotianamine

C05524

Aminoacyl-L-methionine

C05526

S-Glutathionyl-L-cysteine

C05527

3-Sulfinylpyruvate

C05528

3-Sulfopyruvate

C05823

3-Mercaptolactate

C05824

S-Sulfo-L-cysteine

C06547

Ethylene

C08276

3-(Methylthio)propanoate

C09306

Sulfur dioxide

C11437

1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate

C11481

HSO3-

C11499

(S)-3-Sulfolactate

C11537

(2R)-3-Sulfolactate

C15606

1,2-Dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one

C15650

2,3-Diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate

C15651

2-Hydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate

C18049

N-Acyl-L-homoserine lactone

C19787

5'-S-Methyl-5'-thioinosine

C21015

gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-2-aminobutyrate

C21016

Ophthalmate

C22359

S-Methyl-1-thio-D-xylulose 5-phosphate

Reference

PMID:15102328

Authors

Sekowska A, Denervaud V, Ashida H, Michoud K, Haas D, Yokota A, Danchin A

Title

Bacterial variations on the methionine salvage pathway.

Journal

BMC Microbiol 4:9 (2004)
DOI:10.1186/1471-2180-4-9

Reference

PMID:14551435

Authors

Ashida H, Saito Y, Kojima C, Kobayashi K, Ogasawara N, Yokota A.

Title

A functional link between RuBisCO-like protein of Bacillus and photosynthetic RuBisCO.

Journal

Science 302:286-90 (2003)
DOI:10.1126/science.1086997

Reference

PMID:12022921

Authors

Sekowska A, Danchin A.

Title

The methionine salvage pathway in Bacillus subtilis.

Journal

BMC Microbiol 2:8 (2002)
DOI:10.1186/1471-2180-2-8

Reference

PMID:12670965

Authors

Berger BJ, English S, Chan G, Knodel MH.

Title

Methionine regeneration and aminotransferases in Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus anthracis.

Journal

J Bacteriol 185:2418-31 (2003)
DOI:10.1128/JB.185.8.2418-2431.2003

Reference

PMID:17169919

Authors

Goyer A, Collakova E, Shachar-Hill Y, Hanson AD

Title

Functional characterization of a methionine gamma-lyase in Arabidopsis and its implication in an alternative to the reverse trans-sulfuration pathway.

Journal

Plant Cell Physiol 48:232-42 (2007)
DOI:10.1093/pcp/pcl055

Reference

PMID:17030798

Authors

Rebeille F, Jabrin S, Bligny R, Loizeau K, Gambonnet B, Van Wilder V, Douce R, Ravanel S

Title

Methionine catabolism in Arabidopsis cells is initiated by a gamma-cleavage process and leads to S-methylcysteine and isoleucine syntheses.

Journal

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:15687-92 (2006)
DOI:10.1073/pnas.0606195103

Reference

PMID:18625006

Authors

Pirkov I, Norbeck J, Gustafsson L, Albers E

Title

A complete inventory of all enzymes in the eukaryotic methionine salvage pathway.

Journal

FEBS J 275:4111-20 (2008)
DOI:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06552.x

Reference

PMID:18391471

Authors

Ashida H, Saito Y, Kojima C, Yokota A

Title

Enzymatic characterization of 5-methylthioribulose-1-phosphate dehydratase of the methionine salvage pathway in Bacillus subtilis.

Journal

Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 72:959-67 (2008)
DOI:10.1271/bbb.70651

Reference

PMID:10613873

Authors

Kitabatake M, So MW, Tumbula DL, Soll D

Title

Cysteine biosynthesis pathway in the archaeon Methanosarcina barkeri encoded by acquired bacterial genes?

Journal

J Bacteriol 182:143-5 (2000)
DOI:10.1128/JB.182.1.143-145.2000

Reference

PMID:12644499

Authors

Mino K, Ishikawa K

Title

Characterization of a novel thermostable O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase from Aeropyrum pernix K1.

Journal

J Bacteriol 185:2277-84 (2003)
DOI:10.1128/JB.185.7.2277-2284.2003

Reference

PMID:18520135

Authors

Tanabe S

Title

Development of assay methods for endogenous inorganic sulfur compounds and sulfurtransferases and evaluation of the physiological functions of bound sulfur.

Journal

Yakugaku Zasshi 128:881-900 (2008)
DOI:10.1248/yakushi.128.881

Reference

Authors

Nishizuka Y, Seyama Y, Ikai A, Ishimura Y, Kawaguchi A (eds).

Title

[Cellular Functions and Metabolic Maps] (In Japanese)

Journal

Tokyo Kagaku Dojin (1997)

Reference

PMID:19270684

Authors