KEGG   PATHWAY: zca05143
Entry
zca05143                    Pathway                                
Name
African trypanosomiasis - Zalophus californianus (California sea lion)
Description
Trypanosoma brucei, the parasite responsible for African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), are spread by the tsetse fly in sub-Saharan Africa. The parasites are able to pass through the blood-brain barrier and cause neurological damage by inducing cytokines like TNF alpha, IFN gamma, and IL1. These cytokines and other metabolites such as nitric oxide and somnogenic prostaglandin D2 disturb circadian rhythms in patients with African trypanosomiasis.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: parasitic
Pathway map
zca05143  African trypanosomiasis
zca05143

Disease
H00357  African trypanosomiasis
Organism
Zalophus californianus (California sea lion) [GN:zca]
Gene
113909205  PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
113911910  IL6; interleukin-6 [KO:K05405]
113913830  IL18; interleukin-18 [KO:K05482]
113914336  [KO:K13823]
113914337  [KO:K13823]
113915030  APOA1; apolipoprotein A-I [KO:K08757]
113915286  PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
113916363  THOP1; thimet oligopeptidase isoform X1 [KO:K01392] [EC:3.4.24.15]
113916493  MYD88; myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 isoform X1 [KO:K04729]
113916510  IL12A; interleukin-12 subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K05406]
113916701  ICAM1; intercellular adhesion molecule 1 [KO:K06490]
113917950  [KO:K10161]
113918484  KNG1; kininogen-1 isoform X1 [KO:K03898]
113921804  FAS; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 [KO:K04390]
113922097  IFNG; interferon gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04687]
113924539  IDO2; indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K00463] [EC:1.13.11.52]
113924540  IDO1; indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 [KO:K00463] [EC:1.13.11.52]
113926702  LAMA4; laminin subunit alpha-4 isoform X1 [KO:K06241]
113927174  VCAM1; vascular cell adhesion protein 1 [KO:K06527]
113927740  TNF; tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
113929340  IL12B; interleukin-12 subunit beta [KO:K05425]
113929863  F2RL1; proteinase-activated receptor 2 [KO:K04234]
113931754  FASLG; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 [KO:K04389]
113932280  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
113932874  SELE; E-selectin isoform X1 [KO:K06494]
113933387  [KO:K13822]
113933458  IL10; interleukin-10 [KO:K05443]
113933465  HBA1; hemoglobin subunit alpha [KO:K13822]
113934691  GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634]
113935801  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type isoform X1 [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
113935998  NPPA; natriuretic peptides A [KO:K12334]
113937245  PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
113937839  IL1B; interleukin-1 beta [KO:K04519]
113937989  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
113939477  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
118355949  [KO:K13823]
Compound
C00076  Calcium cation
C00078  L-Tryptophan
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00328  L-Kynurenine
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00584  Prostaglandin E2
C00696  Prostaglandin D2
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:19168735
  Authors
Antoine-Moussiaux N, Buscher P, Desmecht D
  Title
Host-parasite interactions in trypanosomiasis: on the way to an antidisease strategy.
  Journal
Infect Immun 77:1276-84 (2009)
DOI:10.1128/IAI.01185-08
Reference
PMID:12088284
  Authors
Enanga B, Burchmore RJ, Stewart ML, Barrett MP
  Title
Sleeping sickness and the brain.
  Journal
Cell Mol Life Sci 59:845-58 (2002)
DOI:10.1007/s00018-002-8472-0
Reference
PMID:16600243
  Authors
Bisser S, Ouwe-Missi-Oukem-Boyer ON, Toure FS, Taoufiq Z, Bouteille B, Buguet A, Mazier D
  Title
Harbouring in the brain: A focus on immune evasion mechanisms and their deleterious effects in malaria and human African trypanosomiasis.
  Journal
Int J Parasitol 36:529-40 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.02.001
Reference
PMID:17582444
  Authors
Masocha W, Rottenberg ME, Kristensson K
  Title
Migration of African trypanosomes across the blood-brain barrier.
  Journal
Physiol Behav 92:110-4 (2007)
DOI:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.045
Reference
PMID:11850009
  Authors
Lonsdale-Eccles JD, Grab DJ
  Title
Trypanosome hydrolases and the blood-brain barrier.
  Journal
Trends Parasitol 18:17-9 (2002)
DOI:10.1016/S1471-4922(01)02120-1
Reference
PMID:19016378
  Authors
Grab DJ, Kennedy PG
  Title
Traversal of human and animal trypanosomes across the blood-brain barrier.
  Journal
J Neurovirol 14:344-51 (2008)
DOI:10.1080/13550280802282934
Reference
PMID:19995590
  Authors
Kristensson K, Nygard M, Bertini G, Bentivoglio M
  Title
African trypanosome infections of the nervous system: parasite entry and effects on sleep and synaptic functions.
  Journal
Prog Neurobiol 91:152-71 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.12.001
Reference
PMID:19559585
  Authors
Pays E, Vanhollebeke B
  Title
Human innate immunity against African trypanosomes.
  Journal
Curr Opin Immunol 21:493-8 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.coi.2009.05.024
Reference
PMID:9574925
  Authors
Donelson JE, Hill KL, El-Sayed NM
  Title
Multiple mechanisms of immune evasion by African trypanosomes.
  Journal
Mol Biochem Parasitol 91:51-66 (1998)
DOI:10.1016/S0166-6851(97)00209-0
Reference
PMID:19621073
  Authors
Grab DJ, Garcia-Garcia JC, Nikolskaia OV, Kim YV, Brown A, Pardo CA, Zhang Y, Becker KG, Wilson BA, de A Lima AP, Scharfstein J, Dumler JS
  Title
Protease activated receptor signaling is required for African trypanosome traversal of human brain microvascular endothelial cells.
  Journal
PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3:e479 (2009)
DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000479
Reference
PMID:20398209
  Authors
Vanhollebeke B, Pays E
  Title
The trypanolytic factor of human serum: many ways to enter the parasite, a single way to kill.
  Journal
Mol Microbiol 76:806-14 (2010)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07156.x
Related
pathway
zca00380  Tryptophan metabolism
zca04210  Apoptosis
zca04610  Complement and coagulation cascades
zca04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
zca04710  Circadian rhythm
KO pathway
ko05143   

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