PATHWAY: ccan05022 Help
Entry
Name
Pathways of neurodegeneration - multiple diseases - Castor canadensis (American beaver)
Description
Neurodegeneration is generally defined as progressive, irreversible loss of neurons, which may affect either the peripheral or central nervous system (CNS). Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) include highly debilitating illnesses, such as Alzheimer (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington disease, spinocerebellar ataxias, and prion diseases (PrD). The hallmark event, which is thought to be at the root of these diseases, is the progressive accumulation of misfolded protein aggregates. Major basic processes include abnormal protein dynamics due to deficiency of the ubiquitin-proteosome-autophagy system, oxidative stress and free radical formation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and (secondary) disruptions of axonal transport.
Class
Human Diseases; Neurodegenerative disease
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
ccan05022 Pathways of neurodegeneration - multiple diseases
Ortholog table
Organism
Castor canadensis (American beaver) [GN:
ccan ]
Gene
109684813 Mapt; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: microtubule-associated protein tau [KO:K04380 ]
109689654 Tardbp; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: TAR DNA-binding protein 43 [KO:K23600 ]
109687065 Sptbn2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: spectrin beta chain, non-erythrocytic 2 [KO:K23932 ]
109674757 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: metabotropic glutamate receptor 5-like [KO:K04604 ]
109699997 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04634 ]
109700025 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
109684633 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: short transient receptor potential channel 3-like [KO:K04966 ]
109694673 Sigmar1; sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K20719 ]
109699340 Itpr1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
109687056 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2-like [KO:K04959 ]
109686691 Itpr3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960 ]
109693749 voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B-like isoform X1 [KO:K04849 ]
109674812 Cacna1d; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851 ]
109697195 Cacna1f; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F [KO:K04853 ]
109696593 voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S [KO:K04857 ]
109683479 Atp2a1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1 [KO:K05853 ] [EC:7.2.2.10 ]
109685307 Vcp; transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase isoform X1 [KO:K13525 ]
109676707 Uba52; ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 isoform X1 [KO:K02927 ]
109677773 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a-like [KO:K02977 ]
109694093 Psmd2; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 2 [KO:K03028 ]
109681474 Psmd1; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1 [KO:K03032 ]
109694416 Psmd3; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K03033 ]
109686402 Psmd9; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 9 [KO:K06693 ]
109696998 Psmd12; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 12 [KO:K03035 ]
109684901 Psmd11; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11 [KO:K03036 ]
109692680 Psmd6; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 6 [KO:K03037 ]
109697205 Psmd7; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 7 [KO:K03038 ]
109699533 Psmd13; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 13 [KO:K03039 ]
109681222 Psmd4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 4 [KO:K03029 ]
109692595 Psmd14; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 14 [KO:K03030 ]
109695827 Psmd8; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 8 [KO:K03031 ]
109689085 Adrm1; proteasomal ubiquitin receptor ADRM1 isoform X1 [KO:K06691 ]
109690603 Vapb; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein B/C [KO:K10707 ]
109697613 Atf6; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 alpha [KO:K09054 ]
109675714 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein-like [KO:K04452 ]
109699492 Eif2s1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237 ]
109693025 Atf4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374 ]
109676035 Ndufv3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 3, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03944 ]
109682051 Ndufa1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03945 ]
109682109 Ndufa2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 [KO:K03946 ]
109684007 Ndufa3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03947 ]
109686065 Ndufa4l2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2 [KO:K03948 ]
109680002 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5-like isoform X1 [KO:K03949 ]
109695224 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5-like isoform X1 [KO:K03949 ]
109689363 Ndufa6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03950 ]
109698437 Ndufa7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7 isoform X1 [KO:K03951 ]
109692485 Ndufa8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 [KO:K03952 ]
109697168 Ndufa9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial [KO:K03953 ]
109699584 Ndufa10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10, mitochondrial [KO:K03954 ]
109688206 Ndufa11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11 [KO:K03956 ]
109694714 Ndufa12; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12 [KO:K11352 ]
109699151 Ndufa13; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13 [KO:K11353 ]
109682016 Ndufb2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03958 ]
109688480 Ndufb3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03959 ]
109686654 Ndufb4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4 [KO:K03960 ]
109686655 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4-like [KO:K03960 ]
109696108 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial [KO:K03961 ]
109683805 Ndufb6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03962 ]
109686637 Ndufb7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03963 ]
109685921 Ndufb8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial [KO:K03964 ]
109688116 Ndufb9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9 [KO:K03965 ]
109690201 Ndufb10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 isoform X1 [KO:K03966 ]
109701145 Ndufb11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial [KO:K11351 ]
109693207 Ndufs2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03935 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
109696178 Ndufs3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial [KO:K03936 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
109691798 Ndufs4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial [KO:K03937 ]
109699540 Ndufs5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K03938 ]
109699676 Ndufs6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 6, mitochondrial [KO:K03939 ]
109691009 Ndufs7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03940 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
109692075 Ndufs8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03941 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
109691474 Ndufc1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K03967 ]
109693457 Sdha; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00234 ] [EC:1.3.5.1 ]
109689825 Sdhb; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00235 ] [EC:1.3.5.1 ]
109690415 Sdhc; succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00236 ]
109699440 Sdhd; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00237 ]
109691792 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 2, mitochondrial [KO:K02263 ]
109691841 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial [KO:K02263 ]
109697439 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A-related protein, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02270 ]
109692259 Atp5c1; ATP synthase subunit gamma, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02136 ]
109699108 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ATP synthase subunit epsilon, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02135 ]
109682505 Atp5f1; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit B1, mitochondrial [KO:K02127 ]
109684083 Atp5g2; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C2, mitochondrial [KO:K02128 ]
109689845 Atp5g3; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C3, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02128 ]
109692958 Atp5g1; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02128 ]
109687580 Atp5h; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ATP synthase subunit d, mitochondrial [KO:K02138 ]
109685750 Atp5o; ATP synthase subunit O, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02137 ]
109697584 Vdac1; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 [KO:K05862 ]
109693210 Tomm40l; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM40B [KO:K11518 ]
109692403 Tomm40; mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM40 homolog [KO:K11518 ]
109674958 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase with EF-hands 1-like [KO:K02183 ]
109691449 Calml6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calmodulin-like protein 6 [KO:K02183 ]
109688186 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform-like [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
109681777 Ppp3cc; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
109682626 Ppp3cb; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
109689125 Faslg; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 [KO:K04389 ]
109691142 Fas; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 isoform X1 [KO:K04390 ]
109681684 Trap1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: heat shock protein 75 kDa, mitochondrial [KO:K09488 ]
109693642 Vdac2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 [KO:K15040 ]
109696398 Vdac3; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K15041 ]
109687741 Ppif; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase F, mitochondrial [KO:K09565 ] [EC:5.2.1.8 ]
109690039 Apaf1; apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K02084 ]
109696466 Map1lc3b; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B [KO:K10435 ]
109685898 Map1lc3a; microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3A [KO:K10435 ]
109692593 Tank; TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator isoform X1 [KO:K12650 ]
109688188 Smcr8; Smith-Magenis syndrome chromosomal region candidate gene 8 protein [KO:K23611 ]
109690087 Rb1cc1; RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17589 ]
109692005 Ambra1; activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K17985 ]
109698491 Atg14; beclin 1-associated autophagy-related key regulator [KO:K17889 ]
109687168 Atg2a; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog A isoform X1 [KO:K17906 ]
109697559 Atg2b; autophagy-related protein 2 homolog B isoform X1 [KO:K17906 ]
109687467 WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 [KO:K17908 ]
109687468 WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1-like [KO:K17908 ]
109694858 Wipi2; WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K17908 ]
109681398 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2-like [KO:K17908 ]
109700001 Fig4; polyphosphoinositide phosphatase isoform X1 [KO:K22913 ] [EC:3.1.3.-]
109678751 polyphosphoinositide phosphatase-like isoform X1 [KO:K22913 ] [EC:3.1.3.-]
109682791 Tnfrsf1a; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A [KO:K03158 ]
109683967 Tnfrsf1b; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1B [KO:K05141 ]
109677699 Nefm; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: neurofilament medium polypeptide [KO:K04573 ]
109695020 Bdnf; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: brain-derived neurotrophic factor [KO:K04355 ]
109702058 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: huntingtin-associated protein 1-like [KO:K04647 ]
109674623 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: dynein heavy chain 9, axonemal-like [KO:K10408 ]
109684876 Dnah10; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: dynein heavy chain 10, axonemal [KO:K10408 ]
109698832 Dnah3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: dynein heavy chain 3, axonemal [KO:K10408 ]
109695258 Dnah14; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: dynein heavy chain 14, axonemal [KO:K10408 ]
109692467 Dnah1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: dynein heavy chain 1, axonemal [KO:K10408 ]
109701339 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: dynein heavy chain 11, axonemal-like [KO:K10408 ]
109683156 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: dynein heavy chain 17, axonemal-like [KO:K10408 ]
109695897 Dnali1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: axonemal dynein light intermediate polypeptide 1 [KO:K10410 ]
109690704 Camk2a; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
109684698 Lrp6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 [KO:K03068 ]
109689899 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5-like [KO:K03068 ]
109674455 Dvl2; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02353 ]
109681149 Dvl1; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-1 isoform X1 [KO:K02353 ]
109694105 Dvl3; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3 isoform X1 [KO:K02353 ]
109691007 Apc2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: adenomatous polyposis coli protein 2 [KO:K02085 ]
109690410 Ager; advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor isoform X1 [KO:K19722 ]
Compound
C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C04549 1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
C04599 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
C11310 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
C16514 Amyloid beta protein 40
C16515 Amyloid beta protein 42
C21011 [Protein]-N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine
C21012 [Protein]-N(epsilon)-(carboxyethyl)lysine
Reference
Authors
Gan L, Cookson MR, Petrucelli L, La Spada AR
Title
Converging pathways in neurodegeneration, from genetics to mechanisms.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Dugger BN, Dickson DW
Title
Pathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Jellinger KA
Title
Basic mechanisms of neurodegeneration: a critical update.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Jellinger KA
Title
Recent advances in our understanding of neurodegeneration.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Van Bulck M, Sierra-Magro A, Alarcon-Gil J, Perez-Castillo A, Morales-Garcia JA
Title
Novel Approaches for the Treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ross CA, Poirier MA
Title
Protein aggregation and neurodegenerative disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Soto C, Pritzkow S
Title
Protein misfolding, aggregation, and conformational strains in neurodegenerative diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Dantuma NP, Bott LC
Title
The ubiquitin-proteasome system in neurodegenerative diseases: precipitating factor, yet part of the solution.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Zheng C, Geetha T, Babu JR
Title
Failure of ubiquitin proteasome system: risk for neurodegenerative diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Park H, Kang JH, Lee S
Title
Autophagy in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Hunter for Aggregates.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Malik BR, Maddison DC, Smith GA, Peters OM
Title
Autophagic and endo-lysosomal dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Metaxakis A, Ploumi C, Tavernarakis N
Title
Autophagy in Age-Associated Neurodegeneration.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Vidal RL, Matus S, Bargsted L, Hetz C
Title
Targeting autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Menzies FM, Fleming A, Caricasole A, Bento CF, Andrews SP, Ashkenazi A, Fullgrabe J, Jackson A, Jimenez Sanchez M, Karabiyik C, Licitra F, Lopez Ramirez A, Pavel M, Puri C, Renna M, Ricketts T, Schlotawa L, Vicinanza M, Won H, Zhu Y, Skidmore J, Rubinsztein DC
Title
Autophagy and Neurodegeneration: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Chu CT
Title
Mechanisms of selective autophagy and mitophagy: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kim I, Xu W, Reed JC
Title
Cell death and endoplasmic reticulum stress: disease relevance and therapeutic opportunities.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Doyle KM, Kennedy D, Gorman AM, Gupta S, Healy SJ, Samali A
Title
Unfolded proteins and endoplasmic reticulum stress in neurodegenerative disorders.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Halliday M, Hughes D, Mallucci GR
Title
Fine-tuning PERK signaling for neuroprotection.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Rozpedek-Kaminska W, Siwecka N, Wawrzynkiewicz A, Wojtczak R, Pytel D, Diehl JA, Majsterek I
Title
The PERK-Dependent Molecular Mechanisms as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hetz C, Mollereau B
Title
Disturbance of endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis in neurodegenerative diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Bezprozvanny I
Title
Calcium signaling and neurodegenerative diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ureshino RP, Erustes AG, Bassani TB, Wachilewski P, Guarache GC, Nascimento AC, Costa AJ, Smaili SS, Pereira GJDS
Title
The Interplay between Ca(2+) Signaling Pathways and Neurodegeneration.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Golpich M, Amini E, Mohamed Z, Azman Ali R, Mohamed Ibrahim N, Ahmadiani A
Title
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Biogenesis in Neurodegenerative diseases: Pathogenesis and Treatment.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Morfini GA, Burns M, Binder LI, Kanaan NM, LaPointe N, Bosco DA, Brown RH Jr, Brown H, Tiwari A, Hayward L, Edgar J, Nave KA, Garberrn J, Atagi Y, Song Y, Pigino G, Brady ST
Title
Axonal transport defects in neurodegenerative diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Gibbs KL, Greensmith L, Schiavo G
Title
Regulation of Axonal Transport by Protein Kinases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Millecamps S, Julien JP
Title
Axonal transport deficits and neurodegenerative diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Sleigh JN, Rossor AM, Fellows AD, Tosolini AP, Schiavo G
Title
Axonal transport and neurological disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Perlson E, Maday S, Fu MM, Moughamian AJ, Holzbaur EL
Title
Retrograde axonal transport: pathways to cell death?
Journal
Related pathway
ccan04141 Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
ccan04933 AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications
KO pathway
LinkDB
All DBs