The autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a group of progressive neurodegenerative diseases characterised by loss of balance and motor coordination due to the primary dysfunction of the cerebellum. Compelling evidence points to major aetiological roles for transcriptional dysregulation, protein aggregation and clearance, autophagy, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, alterations of calcium homeostasis, mitochondria defects, toxic RNA gain-of-function mechanisms and eventual cell death with apoptotic features of neurons during SCA disease progression.
Category
Neurodegenerative disease
Brite
Human diseases in ICD-11 classification [BR:br08403]
08 Diseases of the nervous system
Movement disorders
8A03 Ataxic disorders
H00063 Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA)
Pathway-based classification of diseases [BR:br08402]
Cofactor/vitamin metabolism
nt06538 Cobalamin transport and metabolism
H00063 Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA)
Signal transduction
nt06528 Calcium signaling
H00063 Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA)
Cellular process
nt06532 Autophagy
H00063 Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA)
nt06544 Neuroactive ligand signaling
H00063 Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA)
nt06546 IgSF CAM signaling
H00063 Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA)
nt06545 Cornified envelope formation
H00063 Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA)
Wallenius J, Kafantari E, Jhaveri E, Gorcenco S, Ameur A, Karremo C, Dobloug S, Karrman K, de Koning T, Ilinca A, Landqvist Waldo M, Arvidsson A, Persson S, Englund E, Ehrencrona H, Puschmann A
Title
Exonic trinucleotide repeat expansions in ZFHX3 cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 4: A poly-glycine disease.
David G, Abbas N, Stevanin G, Durr A, Yvert G, Cancel G, Weber C, Imbert G, Saudou F, Antoniou E, Drabkin H, Gemmill R, Giunti P, Benomar A, Wood N, Ruberg M, Agid Y, Mandel JL, Brice A
Title
Cloning of the SCA7 gene reveals a highly unstable CAG repeat expansion.
Matsuura T, Yamagata T, Burgess DL, Rasmussen A, Grewal RP, Watase K, Khajavi M, McCall AE, Davis CF, Zu L, Achari M, Pulst SM, Alonso E, Noebels JL, Nelson DL, Zoghbi HY, Ashizawa T
Title
Large expansion of the ATTCT pentanucleotide repeat in spinocerebellar ataxia type 10.
Holmes SE, O'Hearn EE, McInnis MG, Gorelick-Feldman DA, Kleiderlein JJ, Callahan C, Kwak NG, Ingersoll-Ashworth RG, Sherr M, Sumner AJ, Sharp AH, Ananth U, Seltzer WK, Boss MA, Vieria-Saecker AM, Epplen JT, Riess O, Ross CA, Margolis RL
Title
Expansion of a novel CAG trinucleotide repeat in the 5' region of PPP2R2B is associated with SCA12.
Duarri A, Jezierska J, Fokkens M, Meijer M, Schelhaas HJ, den Dunnen WF, van Dijk F, Verschuuren-Bemelmans C, Hageman G, van de Vlies P, Kusters B, van de Warrenburg BP, Kremer B, Wijmenga C, Sinke RJ, Swertz MA, Kampinga HH, Boddeke E, Verbeek DS
Title
Mutations in potassium channel kcnd3 cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 19.
Delplanque J, Devos D, Huin V, Genet A, Sand O, Moreau C, Goizet C, Charles P, Anheim M, Monin ML, Buee L, Destee A, Grolez G, Delmaire C, Dujardin K, Dellacherie D, Brice A, Stevanin G, Strubi-Vuillaume I, Durr A, Sablonniere B
Title
TMEM240 mutations cause spinocerebellar ataxia 21 with mental retardation and severe cognitive impairment.
Barbier M, Bahlo M, Pennisi A, Jacoupy M, Tankard RM, Ewenczyk C, Davies KC, Lino-Coulon P, Colace C, Rafehi H, Auger N, Ansell BRE, van der Stelt I, Howell KB, Coutelier M, Amor DJ, Mundwiller E, Guillot-Noel L, Storey E, Gardner RJM, Wallis MJ, Brusco A, Corti O, Rotig A, Leventer RJ, Brice A, Delatycki MB, Stevanin G, Lockhart PJ, Durr A
Title
Heterozygous PNPT1 Variants Cause Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 25.
Di Bella D, Lazzaro F, Brusco A, Plumari M, Battaglia G, Pastore A, Finardi A, Cagnoli C, Tempia F, Frontali M, Veneziano L, Sacco T, Boda E, Brussino A, Bonn F, Castellotti B, Baratta S, Mariotti C, Gellera C, Fracasso V, Magri S, Langer T, Plevani P, Di Donato S, Muzi-Falconi M, Taroni F
Title
Mutations in the mitochondrial protease gene AFG3L2 cause dominant hereditary ataxia SCA28.
Sato N, Amino T, Kobayashi K, Asakawa S, Ishiguro T, Tsunemi T, Takahashi M, Matsuura T, Flanigan KM, Iwasaki S, Ishino F, Saito Y, Murayama S, Yoshida M, Hashizume Y, Takahashi Y, Tsuji S, Shimizu N, Toda T, Ishikawa K, Mizusawa H
Title
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 31 is associated with "inserted" penta-nucleotide repeats containing (TGGAA)n.
Cadieux-Dion M, Turcotte-Gauthier M, Noreau A, Martin C, Meloche C, Gravel M, Drouin CA, Rouleau GA, Nguyen DK, Cossette P
Title
Expanding the clinical phenotype associated with ELOVL4 mutation: study of a large French-Canadian family with autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia and erythrokeratodermia.
Di Gregorio E, Borroni B, Giorgio E, Lacerenza D, Ferrero M, Lo Buono N, Ragusa N, Mancini C, Gaussen M, Calcia A, Mitro N, Hoxha E, Mura I, Coviello DA, Moon YA, Tesson C, Vaula G, Couarch P, Orsi L, Duregon E, Papotti MG, Deleuze JF, Imbert J, Costanzi C, Padovani A, Giunti P, Maillet-Vioud M, Durr A, Brice A, Tempia F, Funaro A, Boccone L, Caruso D, Stevanin G, Brusco A
Coutelier M, Blesneac I, Monteil A, Monin ML, Ando K, Mundwiller E, Brusco A, Le Ber I, Anheim M, Castrioto A, Duyckaerts C, Brice A, Durr A, Lory P, Stevanin G
Title
A Recurrent Mutation in CACNA1G Alters Cav3.1 T-Type Calcium-Channel Conduction and Causes Autosomal-Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia.
Chemin J, Siquier-Pernet K, Nicouleau M, Barcia G, Ahmad A, Medina-Cano D, Hanein S, Altin N, Hubert L, Bole-Feysot C, Fourage C, Nitschke P, Thevenon J, Rio M, Blanc P, Vidal C, Bahi-Buisson N, Desguerre I, Munnich A, Lyonnet S, Boddaert N, Fassi E, Shinawi M, Zimmerman H, Amiel J, Faivre L, Colleaux L, Lory P, Cantagrel V
Title
De novo mutation screening in childhood-onset cerebellar atrophy identifies gain-of-function mutations in the CACNA1G calcium channel gene.
Nibbeling EAR, Duarri A, Verschuuren-Bemelmans CC, Fokkens MR, Karjalainen JM, Smeets CJLM, de Boer-Bergsma JJ, van der Vries G, Dooijes D, Bampi GB, van Diemen C, Brunt E, Ippel E, Kremer B, Vlak M, Adir N, Wijmenga C, van de Warrenburg BPC, Franke L, Sinke RJ, Verbeek DS
Gennarino VA, Palmer EE, McDonell LM, Wang L, Adamski CJ, Koire A, See L, Chen CA, Schaaf CP, Rosenfeld JA, Panzer JA, Moog U, Hao S, Bye A, Kirk EP, Stankiewicz P, Breman AM, McBride A, Kandula T, Dubbs HA, Macintosh R, Cardamone M, Zhu Y, Ying K, Dias KR, Cho MT, Henderson LB, Baskin B, Morris P, Tao J, Cowley MJ, Dinger ME, Roscioli T, Caluseriu O, Suchowersky O, Sachdev RK, Lichtarge O, Tang J, Boycott KM, Holder JL Jr, Zoghbi HY
Title
A Mild PUM1 Mutation Is Associated with Adult-Onset Ataxia, whereas Haploinsufficiency Causes Developmental Delay and Seizures.
Genis D, Ortega-Cubero S, San Nicolas H, Corral J, Gardenyes J, de Jorge L, Lopez E, Campos B, Lorenzo E, Tonda R, Beltran S, Negre M, Obon M, Beltran B, Fabregas L, Alemany B, Marquez F, Ramio-Torrenta L, Gich J, Volpini V, Pastor P
Corral-Juan M, Casquero P, Giraldo-Restrepo N, Laurie S, Martinez-Pineiro A, Mateo-Montero RC, Ispierto L, Vilas D, Tolosa E, Volpini V, Alvarez-Ramo R, Sanchez I, Matilla-Duenas A
Title
New spinocerebellar ataxia subtype caused by SAMD9L mutation triggering mitochondrial dysregulation (SCA49).
Coutelier M, Jacoupy M, Janer A, Renaud F, Auger N, Saripella GV, Ancien F, Pucci F, Rooman M, Gilis D, Lariviere R, Sgarioto N, Valter R, Guillot-Noel L, Le Ber I, Sayah S, Charles P, Numann A, Pauly MG, Helmchen C, Deininger N, Haack TB, Brais B, Brice A, Tregouet DA, El Hachimi KH, Shoubridge EA, Durr A, Stevanin G
Title
NPTX1 mutations trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress and cause autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia.
Tan D, Wei C, Chen Z, Huang Y, Deng J, Li J, Liu Y, Bao X, Xu J, Hu Z, Wang S, Fan Y, Jiang Y, Wu Y, Wu Y, Wang S, Liu P, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Jiang Y, Zhang H, Hong D, Zhong N, Jiang H, Xiong H
Title
CAG Repeat Expansion in THAP11 Is Associated with a Novel Spinocerebellar Ataxia.
Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxias with axonal neuropathy (SCAN)
Description
Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias (SCAR) are a heterogeneous group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders that affect the cerebellum, the spinocerebellar and sensory tracts of the spinal cord and often the sensory nerves. They may present as a pure cerebellar syndrome or are associated with neurological symptoms such as peripheral neuropathy, dystonia, chorea, cognitive impairment, optic atrophy, seizures or extra neurological symptoms such as cardiomyopathy and diabetes mellitus in Friedreich ataxia. The main clinical features are staggering gait with frequent falls, upper limb dysmetria, impairment of speech, dysphagia, and abnormalities of eye movement.
Category
Neurodegenerative disease
Brite
Human diseases in ICD-11 classification [BR:br08403]
08 Diseases of the nervous system
Movement disorders
8A03 Ataxic disorders
H01891 Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxias
Pathway-based classification of diseases [BR:br08402]
Replication and repair
nt06504 Base excision repair
H01891 Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxias
Signal transduction
nt06528 Calcium signaling
H01891 Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxias
Cellular process
nt06532 Autophagy
H01891 Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxias
nt06544 Neuroactive ligand signaling
H01891 Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxias
nt06546 IgSF CAM signaling
H01891 Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxias
See also H00063 Spinocerebellar ataxia, H00067 Friedreich ataxia, and H00848 Ataxia with ocular apraxia.
SCAR19 is known as Lichtenstein-Knorr syndrome, and associates sensorineural hearing loss.
Anheim M, Fleury M, Monga B, Laugel V, Chaigne D, Rodier G, Ginglinger E, Boulay C, Courtois S, Drouot N, Fritsch M, Delaunoy JP, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Tranchant C, Koenig M
Title
Epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical and molecular study of a cohort of 102 patients affected with autosomal recessive progressive cerebellar ataxia from Alsace, Eastern France: implications for clinical management.
Moreira MC, Klur S, Watanabe M, Nemeth AH, Le Ber I, Moniz JC, Tranchant C, Aubourg P, Tazir M, Schols L, Pandolfo M, Schulz JB, Pouget J, Calvas P, Shizuka-Ikeda M, Shoji M, Tanaka M, Izatt L, Shaw CE, M'Zahem A, Dunne E, Bomont P, Benhassine T, Bouslam N, Stevanin G, Brice A, Guimaraes J, Mendonca P, Barbot C, Coutinho P, Sequeiros J, Durr A, Warter JM, Koenig M
Title
Senataxin, the ortholog of a yeast RNA helicase, is mutant in ataxia-ocular apraxia 2.
Seong E, Insolera R, Dulovic M, Kamsteeg EJ, Trinh J, Bruggemann N, Sandford E, Li S, Ozel AB, Li JZ, Jewett T, Kievit AJA, Munchau A, Shakkottai V, Klein C, Collins CA, Lohmann K, van de Warrenburg BP, Burmeister M
Title
Mutations in VPS13D lead to a new recessive ataxia with spasticity and mitochondrial defects.
Sun Y, Almomani R, Breedveld GJ, Santen GW, Aten E, Lefeber DJ, Hoff JI, Brusse E, Verheijen FW, Verdijk RM, Kriek M, Oostra B, Breuning MH, Losekoot M, den Dunnen JT, van de Warrenburg BP, Maat-Kievit AJ
Title
Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia 7 (SCAR7) is caused by variants in TPP1, the gene involved in classic late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 2 disease (CLN2 disease).
Vermeer S, Hoischen A, Meijer RP, Gilissen C, Neveling K, Wieskamp N, de Brouwer A, Koenig M, Anheim M, Assoum M, Drouot N, Todorovic S, Milic-Rasic V, Lochmuller H, Stevanin G, Goizet C, David A, Durr A, Brice A, Kremer B, van de Warrenburg BP, Schijvenaars MM, Heister A, Kwint M, Arts P, van der Wijst J, Veltman J, Kamsteeg EJ, Scheffer H, Knoers N
Title
Targeted next-generation sequencing of a 12.5 Mb homozygous region reveals ANO10 mutations in patients with autosomal-recessive cerebellar ataxia.
Doi H, Yoshida K, Yasuda T, Fukuda M, Fukuda Y, Morita H, Ikeda S, Kato R, Tsurusaki Y, Miyake N, Saitsu H, Sakai H, Miyatake S, Shiina M, Nukina N, Koyano S, Tsuji S, Kuroiwa Y, Matsumoto N
Title
Exome sequencing reveals a homozygous SYT14 mutation in adult-onset, autosomal-recessive spinocerebellar ataxia with psychomotor retardation.
Mallaret M, Synofzik M, Lee J, Sagum CA, Mahajnah M, Sharkia R, Drouot N, Renaud M, Klein FA, Anheim M, Tranchant C, Mignot C, Mandel JL, Bedford M, Bauer P, Salih MA, Schule R, Schols L, Aldaz CM, Koenig M
Title
The tumour suppressor gene WWOX is mutated in autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia with epilepsy and mental retardation.
Lise S, Clarkson Y, Perkins E, Kwasniewska A, Sadighi Akha E, Schnekenberg RP, Suminaite D, Hope J, Baker I, Gregory L, Green A, Allan C, Lamble S, Jayawant S, Quaghebeur G, Cader MZ, Hughes S, Armstrong RJ, Kanapin A, Rimmer A, Lunter G, Mathieson I, Cazier JB, Buck D, Taylor JC, Bentley D, McVean G, Donnelly P, Knight SJ, Jackson M, Ragoussis J, Nemeth AH
Title
Recessive mutations in SPTBN2 implicate beta-III spectrin in both cognitive and motor development.
Shi Y, Wang J, Li JD, Ren H, Guan W, He M, Yan W, Zhou Y, Hu Z, Zhang J, Xiao J, Su Z, Dai M, Wang J, Jiang H, Guo J, Zhou Y, Zhang F, Li N, Du J, Xu Q, Hu Y, Pan Q, Shen L, Wang G, Xia K, Zhang Z, Tang B
Title
Identification of CHIP as a novel causative gene for autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia.
Evers C, Kaufmann L, Seitz A, Paramasivam N, Granzow M, Karch S, Fischer C, Hinderhofer K, Gdynia G, Elsasser M, Pinkert S, Schlesner M, Bartram CR, Moog U
Title
Exome sequencing reveals a novel CWF19L1 mutation associated with intellectual disability and cerebellar atrophy.
Hills LB, Masri A, Konno K, Kakegawa W, Lam AT, Lim-Melia E, Chandy N, Hill RS, Partlow JN, Al-Saffar M, Nasir R, Stoler JM, Barkovich AJ, Watanabe M, Yuzaki M, Mochida GH
Title
Deletions in GRID2 lead to a recessive syndrome of cerebellar ataxia and tonic upgaze in humans.
Schmidt WM, Kraus C, Hoger H, Hochmeister S, Oberndorfer F, Branka M, Bingemann S, Lassmann H, Muller M, Macedo-Souza LI, Vainzof M, Zatz M, Reis A, Bittner RE
Title
Mutation in the Scyl1 gene encoding amino-terminal kinase-like protein causes a recessive form of spinocerebellar neurodegeneration.
Sanderson LE, Lanko K, Alsagob M, Almass R, Al-Ahmadi N, Najafi M, Al-Muhaizea MA, Alzaidan H, AlDhalaan H, Perenthaler E, van der Linde HC, Nikoncuk A, Kuhn NA, Antony D, Owaidah TM, Raskin S, Vieira LGDR, Mombach R, Ahangari N, Silveira TRD, Ameziane N, Rolfs A, Alharbi A, Sabbagh RM, AlAhmadi K, Alawam B, Ghebeh H, AlHargan A, Albader AA, Binhumaid FS, Goljan E, Monies D, Mustafa OM, Aldosary M, AlBakheet A, Alyounes B, Almutairi F, Al-Odaib A, Aksoy DB, Basak AN, Palvadeau R, Trabzuni D, Rosenfeld JA, Karimiani EG, Meyer BF, Karakas B, Al-Mohanna F, Arold ST, Colak D, Maroofian R, Houlden H, Bertoli-Avella AM, Schmidts M, Barakat TS, van Ham TJ, Kaya N
Title
Bi-allelic variants in HOPS complex subunit VPS41 cause cerebellar ataxia and abnormal membrane trafficking.
Rebelo AP, Eidhof I, Cintra VP, Guillot-Noel L, Pereira CV, Timmann D, Traschutz A, Schols L, Coarelli G, Durr A, Anheim M, Tranchant C, van de Warrenburg B, Guissart C, Koenig M, Howell J, Moraes CT, Schenck A, Stevanin G, Zuchner S, Synofzik M
Title
Biallelic loss-of-function variations in PRDX3 cause cerebellar ataxia.
Higuchi Y, Okunushi R, Hara T, Hashiguchi A, Yuan J, Yoshimura A, Murayama K, Ohtake A, Ando M, Hiramatsu Y, Ishihara S, Tanabe H, Okamoto Y, Matsuura E, Ueda T, Toda T, Yamashita S, Yamada K, Koide T, Yaguchi H, Mitsui J, Ishiura H, Yoshimura J, Doi K, Morishita S, Sato K, Nakagawa M, Yamaguchi M, Tsuji S, Takashima H
Title
Mutations in COA7 cause spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy.
