Entry Name Viral myocarditis - Bos indicus (zebu cattle)
Description Myocarditis is a cardiac disease associated with inflammation and injury of the myocardium. It results from various etiologies, both noninfectious and infectious, but coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is still considered the dominant etiological agent. Myocarditis may be caused by direct cytopathic effects of virus, a pathologic immune response to persistent virus, or autoimmunity triggered by the viral infection. The virus enters the myocyte through internalization of the coxsackie-adenoviral receptor (CAR) and its coreceptor, decay-accelerating factor (DAF). Viral proteases cleave various proteins in the host cell. One example is viral protease 2A, which cleaves eukaryote initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) and the dystrophin protein, resulting in a complete shutdown of cap-dependent RNA translation and cytoskeletal destruction in infected cardiomyocytes, respectively. CVB3 also cleaves the member of the Bcl-2 family Bid, leading to apoptosis. CVB3 infection also induces the cleavage of cyclin D protein through a proteasome-dependent pathway, leading to the host cell-growth arrest. Viral infection and necrosis of myocytes may lead to the release of intracellular antigens, resulting in activation of self-reactive T cells. CVB infection is a significant cause of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) as well as myocarditis. Epidemiologically, myocarditis underlies a significant portion of patients with DCM.
Class Human Diseases; Cardiovascular diseaseBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Ortholog table Organism Bos indicus (zebu cattle) [GN:
biu ]
Gene 109559838 CXADR; coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor isoform X1 [KO:K06788 ]
109557358 EIF4G1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1 [KO:K03260 ]
109574225 EIF4G3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 3 isoform X1 [KO:K03260 ]
109568820 EIF4G2; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 2 [KO:K03260 ]
109567510 CD40; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5 isoform X1 [KO:K03160 ]
109576545 DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
109576596 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DO alpha chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06752 ]
109577038 SLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ haplotype D alpha chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
109577039 SLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ haplotype D alpha chain [KO:K06752 ]
109577041 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
109577042 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain [KO:K06752 ]
109576666 DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
109577307 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DM alpha chain [KO:K06752 ]
109577316 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DM beta chain isoform X1 [KO:K06752 ]
109576780 SLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ haplotype D alpha chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
109577067 BOLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain BL3-7-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
109577074 BOLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain BL3-6-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
109577076 BOLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain BL3-7-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
109577078 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: BOLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain BL3-7-like [KO:K06751 ]
109577080 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: BOLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain BL3-6-like [KO:K06751 ]
109577083 BOLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain BL3-7-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
109577088 BOLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain BL3-7 isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
109577113 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: BOLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain BL3-7-like [KO:K06751 ]
109576723 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: BOLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain BL3-6-like [KO:K06751 ]
109561936 H-2 class I histocompatibility antigen, Q10 alpha chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
109554436 CD86; T-lymphocyte activation antigen CD86 isoform X1 [KO:K05413 ]
Reference Authors Esfandiarei M, McManus BM
Title Molecular biology and pathogenesis of viral myocarditis.
Journal Reference Authors Badorff C, Knowlton KU
Title Dystrophin disruption in enterovirus-induced myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: from bench to bedside.
Journal Reference Authors Maekawa Y, Ouzounian M, Opavsky MA, Liu PP
Title Connecting the missing link between dilated cardiomyopathy and viral myocarditis: virus, cytoskeleton, and innate immunity.
Journal Reference Authors Pankuweit S, Portig I, Maisch B
Title Pathophysiology of cardiac inflammation: molecular mechanisms.
Journal Reference Authors Gao G, Luo H
Title The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in viral infections.
Journal Reference Authors Coyne CB, Bergelson JM
Title Virus-induced Abl and Fyn kinase signals permit coxsackievirus entry through epithelial tight junctions.
Journal Reference Authors Badorff C, Lee GH, Knowlton KU
Title Enteroviral cardiomyopathy: bad news for the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex.
Journal Reference Authors Knowlton KU
Title CVB infection and mechanisms of viral cardiomyopathy.
Journal Reference Authors Castellano G, Affuso F, Di Conza P, Fazio S
Title Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: possible connections and treatments.
Journal Reference Authors Cooper LT Jr
Title Myocarditis.
Journal Reference Authors Kawai C
Title From myocarditis to cardiomyopathy: mechanisms of inflammation and cell death: learning from the past for the future.
Journal Reference Authors Liu PP, Mason JW
Title Advances in the understanding of myocarditis.
Journal Reference Authors Mason JW
Title Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: an inflammatory link.
Journal Reference Authors Tam PE
Title Coxsackievirus myocarditis: interplay between virus and host in the pathogenesis of heart disease.
Journal Related biu04612 Antigen processing and presentation
biu04660 T cell receptor signaling pathway
KO pathway LinkDB All DBs
