KEGG   PATHWAY: lav05143
Entry
lav05143                    Pathway                                
Name
African trypanosomiasis - Loxodonta africana (African savanna elephant)
Description
Trypanosoma brucei, the parasite responsible for African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), are spread by the tsetse fly in sub-Saharan Africa. The parasites are able to pass through the blood-brain barrier and cause neurological damage by inducing cytokines like TNF alpha, IFN gamma, and IL1. These cytokines and other metabolites such as nitric oxide and somnogenic prostaglandin D2 disturb circadian rhythms in patients with African trypanosomiasis.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: parasitic
Pathway map
lav05143  African trypanosomiasis
lav05143

Organism
Loxodonta africana (African savanna elephant) [GN:lav]
Gene
104847364  uncharacterized protein LOC104847364 [KO:K06856]
100662104  TLR9; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: toll-like receptor 9 [KO:K10161]
100659447  MYD88; myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 [KO:K04729]
100665776  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: thimet oligopeptidase-like [KO:K01392] [EC:3.4.24.15]
100655555  KNG1; kininogen-1 [KO:K03898]
100660875  NPPA; natriuretic peptides A [KO:K12334]
100675409  APOA1; apolipoprotein A-I [KO:K08757]
100568296  HBA2; hemoglobin subunit alpha [KO:K13822]
100568295  HBB/D; hemoglobin subunit delta [KO:K13823]
100665398  IL10; interleukin-10 isoform X2 [KO:K05443]
100665137  IL12A; interleukin-12 subunit alpha [KO:K05406]
100657211  IL12B; interleukin-12 subunit beta [KO:K05425]
100668369  IL18; interleukin-18 isoform X1 [KO:K05482]
100663285  IFNG; interferon gamma [KO:K04687]
100677125  TNF; tumor necrosis factor isoform X2 [KO:K03156]
100674746  IL1B; interleukin-1 beta [KO:K04519]
100660846  IL6; interleukin-6 [KO:K05405]
100662586  FASLG; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 [KO:K04389]
100657715  FAS; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 isoform X1 [KO:K04390]
100658668  VCAM1; vascular cell adhesion protein 1 [KO:K06527]
100662862  SELE; E-selectin [KO:K06494]
100673685  ICAM1; intercellular adhesion molecule 1 [KO:K06490]
100662531  LAMA4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: laminin subunit alpha-4 [KO:K06241]
100671377  IDO2; indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 [KO:K00463] [EC:1.13.11.52]
100660395  IDO1; indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 [KO:K00463] [EC:1.13.11.52]
100669271  F2RL1; proteinase-activated receptor 2 [KO:K04234]
100656672  GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04634]
100670617  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
100672435  PLCB1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
100668575  PLCB2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
100663829  PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
100665537  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
100672078  PRKCB; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: protein kinase C beta type [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
100671733  PRKCG; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
Compound
C00076  Calcium cation
C00078  L-Tryptophan
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00328  L-Kynurenine
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00584  Prostaglandin E2
C00696  Prostaglandin D2
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:19168735
  Authors
Antoine-Moussiaux N, Buscher P, Desmecht D
  Title
Host-parasite interactions in trypanosomiasis: on the way to an antidisease strategy.
  Journal
Infect Immun 77:1276-84 (2009)
DOI:10.1128/IAI.01185-08
Reference
PMID:12088284
  Authors
Enanga B, Burchmore RJ, Stewart ML, Barrett MP
  Title
Sleeping sickness and the brain.
  Journal
Cell Mol Life Sci 59:845-58 (2002)
DOI:10.1007/s00018-002-8472-0
Reference
PMID:16600243
  Authors
Bisser S, Ouwe-Missi-Oukem-Boyer ON, Toure FS, Taoufiq Z, Bouteille B, Buguet A, Mazier D
  Title
Harbouring in the brain: A focus on immune evasion mechanisms and their deleterious effects in malaria and human African trypanosomiasis.
  Journal
Int J Parasitol 36:529-40 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.02.001
Reference
PMID:17582444
  Authors
Masocha W, Rottenberg ME, Kristensson K
  Title
Migration of African trypanosomes across the blood-brain barrier.
  Journal
Physiol Behav 92:110-4 (2007)
DOI:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.045
Reference
PMID:11850009
  Authors
Lonsdale-Eccles JD, Grab DJ
  Title
Trypanosome hydrolases and the blood-brain barrier.
  Journal
Trends Parasitol 18:17-9 (2002)
DOI:10.1016/S1471-4922(01)02120-1
Reference
PMID:19016378
  Authors
Grab DJ, Kennedy PG
  Title
Traversal of human and animal trypanosomes across the blood-brain barrier.
  Journal
J Neurovirol 14:344-51 (2008)
DOI:10.1080/13550280802282934
Reference
PMID:19995590
  Authors
Kristensson K, Nygard M, Bertini G, Bentivoglio M
  Title
African trypanosome infections of the nervous system: parasite entry and effects on sleep and synaptic functions.
  Journal
Prog Neurobiol 91:152-71 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.12.001
Reference
PMID:19559585
  Authors
Pays E, Vanhollebeke B
  Title
Human innate immunity against African trypanosomes.
  Journal
Curr Opin Immunol 21:493-8 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.coi.2009.05.024
Reference
PMID:9574925
  Authors
Donelson JE, Hill KL, El-Sayed NM
  Title
Multiple mechanisms of immune evasion by African trypanosomes.
  Journal
Mol Biochem Parasitol 91:51-66 (1998)
DOI:10.1016/S0166-6851(97)00209-0
Reference
PMID:19621073
  Authors
Grab DJ, Garcia-Garcia JC, Nikolskaia OV, Kim YV, Brown A, Pardo CA, Zhang Y, Becker KG, Wilson BA, de A Lima AP, Scharfstein J, Dumler JS
  Title
Protease activated receptor signaling is required for African trypanosome traversal of human brain microvascular endothelial cells.
  Journal
PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3:e479 (2009)
DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000479
Reference
PMID:20398209
  Authors
Vanhollebeke B, Pays E
  Title
The trypanolytic factor of human serum: many ways to enter the parasite, a single way to kill.
  Journal
Mol Microbiol 76:806-14 (2010)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07156.x
Related
pathway
lav00380  Tryptophan metabolism
lav04210  Apoptosis
lav04610  Complement and coagulation cascades
lav04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
lav04710  Circadian rhythm
KO pathway
ko05143   
LinkDB

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