Entry Name Viral myocarditis - Eptesicus fuscus (big brown bat)
Description Myocarditis is a cardiac disease associated with inflammation and injury of the myocardium. It results from various etiologies, both noninfectious and infectious, but coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is still considered the dominant etiological agent. Myocarditis may be caused by direct cytopathic effects of virus, a pathologic immune response to persistent virus, or autoimmunity triggered by the viral infection. The virus enters the myocyte through internalization of the coxsackie-adenoviral receptor (CAR) and its coreceptor, decay-accelerating factor (DAF). Viral proteases cleave various proteins in the host cell. One example is viral protease 2A, which cleaves eukaryote initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) and the dystrophin protein, resulting in a complete shutdown of cap-dependent RNA translation and cytoskeletal destruction in infected cardiomyocytes, respectively. CVB3 also cleaves the member of the Bcl-2 family Bid, leading to apoptosis. CVB3 infection also induces the cleavage of cyclin D protein through a proteasome-dependent pathway, leading to the host cell-growth arrest. Viral infection and necrosis of myocytes may lead to the release of intracellular antigens, resulting in activation of self-reactive T cells. CVB infection is a significant cause of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) as well as myocarditis. Epidemiologically, myocarditis underlies a significant portion of patients with DCM.
Class Human Diseases; Cardiovascular diseaseBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Ortholog table Organism Eptesicus fuscus (big brown bat) [GN:
efus ]
Gene 103289741 CXADR; coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor isoform X1 [KO:K06788 ]
114227326 CD55; complement decay-accelerating factor isoform X1 [KO:K04006 ]
103299146 RAC1; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04392 ]
103300649 EIF4G1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1 isoform X2 [KO:K03260 ]
103292087 EIF4G3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 3 isoform X4 [KO:K03260 ]
103294688 EIF4G2; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 2 [KO:K03260 ]
103301981 CD40; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5 [KO:K03160 ]
103303049 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DM alpha chain [KO:K06752 ]
103303050 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DM beta chain [KO:K06752 ]
103304353 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ alpha 2 chain-like isoform X2 [KO:K06752 ]
103304486 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ alpha 2 chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
103304511 SLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ haplotype D alpha chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
103300442 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain [KO:K06752 ]
103295592 DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06752 ]
103303036 DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
103304919 DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain [KO:K06752 ]
103303047 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP beta 1 chain [KO:K06752 ]
103304352 SLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ haplotype D alpha chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06752 ]
129150533 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ beta 1 chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
103303048 RLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP alpha-1 chain [KO:K06752 ]
103303037 DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
103304354 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ beta 1 chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
103304514 SLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ haplotype C beta chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
103301649 class I histocompatibility antigen, Gogo-C*0203 alpha chain-like [KO:K06751 ]
103300539 patr class I histocompatibility antigen, B-1 alpha chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
103283920 patr class I histocompatibility antigen, A-126 alpha chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
129147051 patr class I histocompatibility antigen, A-126 alpha chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
129147596 BOLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain BL3-7-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
129147597 patr class I histocompatibility antigen, A-126 alpha chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
103304883 saoe class I histocompatibility antigen, A alpha chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
103304180 BOLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain BL3-7-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
114229892 class I histocompatibility antigen, Gogo-B*0102 alpha chain-like [KO:K06751 ]
129147115 BOLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain BL3-7-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
129147758 patr class I histocompatibility antigen, A-126 alpha chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
103304812 patr class I histocompatibility antigen, B-2 alpha chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
103304966 BOLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain BL3-7-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
103304787 saoe class I histocompatibility antigen, A alpha chain-like [KO:K06751 ]
114229502 saoe class I histocompatibility antigen, A alpha chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
114229990 patr class I histocompatibility antigen, B-2 alpha chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
103304222 BOLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain BL3-7-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
103290800 CD86; T-lymphocyte activation antigen CD86 isoform X8 [KO:K05413 ]
Reference Authors Esfandiarei M, McManus BM
Title Molecular biology and pathogenesis of viral myocarditis.
Journal Reference Authors Badorff C, Knowlton KU
Title Dystrophin disruption in enterovirus-induced myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: from bench to bedside.
Journal Reference Authors Maekawa Y, Ouzounian M, Opavsky MA, Liu PP
Title Connecting the missing link between dilated cardiomyopathy and viral myocarditis: virus, cytoskeleton, and innate immunity.
Journal Reference Authors Pankuweit S, Portig I, Maisch B
Title Pathophysiology of cardiac inflammation: molecular mechanisms.
Journal Reference Authors Gao G, Luo H
Title The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in viral infections.
Journal Reference Authors Coyne CB, Bergelson JM
Title Virus-induced Abl and Fyn kinase signals permit coxsackievirus entry through epithelial tight junctions.
Journal Reference Authors Badorff C, Lee GH, Knowlton KU
Title Enteroviral cardiomyopathy: bad news for the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex.
Journal Reference Authors Knowlton KU
Title CVB infection and mechanisms of viral cardiomyopathy.
Journal Reference Authors Castellano G, Affuso F, Di Conza P, Fazio S
Title Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: possible connections and treatments.
Journal Reference Authors Cooper LT Jr
Title Myocarditis.
Journal Reference Authors Kawai C
Title From myocarditis to cardiomyopathy: mechanisms of inflammation and cell death: learning from the past for the future.
Journal Reference Authors Liu PP, Mason JW
Title Advances in the understanding of myocarditis.
Journal Reference Authors Mason JW
Title Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: an inflammatory link.
Journal Reference Authors Tam PE
Title Coxsackievirus myocarditis: interplay between virus and host in the pathogenesis of heart disease.
Journal Related efus04612 Antigen processing and presentation
KO pathway LinkDB All DBs
