KEGG   PATHWAY: lve04974
Entry
lve04974                    Pathway                                
Name
Protein digestion and absorption - Lipotes vexillifer (Yangtze River dolphin)
Description
Protein is a dietary component essential for nutritional homeostasis in humans. Normally, ingested protein undergoes a complex series of degradative processes following the action of gastric, pancreatic and small intestinal enzymes. The result of this proteolytic activity is a mixture of amino acids and small peptides. Amino acids (AAs) are transported into the enterocyte (intestinal epithelial cell) by a variety of AA transporters that are specific for cationic (basic) AA, neutral AA, and anionic (acidic) AA. Small peptides are absorbed into enterocytes by the PEPT1 transporter. Inside enterocytes peptides are hydrolyzed, and the resulting amino acids are released together with those absorbed by AA transporters into blood via multiple, basolateral, AA transporters. Hydrolysis-resistant peptides, however, are transported out of the cells by a basolateral peptide transporter that has not been identified molecularly.
Class
Organismal Systems; Digestive system
Pathway map
lve04974  Protein digestion and absorption
lve04974

Other DBs
GO: 0044256 0050892
Organism
Lipotes vexillifer (Yangtze River dolphin) [GN:lve]
Gene
103068371  COL23A1; collagen alpha-1(XXIII) chain [KO:K24355]
103068397  SLC15A1; solute carrier family 15 member 1 [KO:K14206]
103068782  CPA1; carboxypeptidase A1 [KO:K08779] [EC:3.4.17.1]
103068907  ATP1B1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01540]
103068908  ATP1A3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3 isoform X1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
103069249  [KO:K06236]
103070002  CPA3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mast cell carboxypeptidase A [KO:K08780] [EC:3.4.17.1]
103070306  COL6A6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-6(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
103070575  COL4A6; collagen alpha-6(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
103070806  COL28A1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-1(XXVIII) chain [KO:K23619]
103070866  COL22A1; collagen alpha-1(XXII) chain [KO:K16630]
103071221  [KO:K24357]
103071281  COL6A3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-3(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
103071401  SLC3A2; 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain [KO:K06519]
103071971  [KO:K06236]
103072227  COL15A1; collagen alpha-1(XV) chain [KO:K08135]
103072366  CPA2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: carboxypeptidase A2 [KO:K01298] [EC:3.4.17.15]
103072598  COL9A3; collagen alpha-3(IX) chain [KO:K08131]
103072661  COL8A1; collagen alpha-1(VIII) chain isoform X1 [KO:K23455]
103072900  KCNE3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 3 [KO:K04897]
103074445  SLC8A1; sodium/calcium exchanger 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05849]
103074614  ATP1A4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
103074743  SLC36A1; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 [KO:K14209]
103074769  SLC1A1; excitatory amino acid transporter 3 [KO:K05612]
103074811  COL5A2; collagen alpha-2(V) chain [KO:K19721]
103074830  COL4A3; collagen alpha-3(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
103074862  [KO:K19721]
103074894  ATP1A2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2 isoform X1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
103075034  SLC36A2; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 2 [KO:K14209]
103075104  COL3A1; collagen alpha-1(III) chain-like [KO:K19720]
103075152  COL25A1; collagen alpha-1(XXV) chain [KO:K24356]
103075321  SLC36A3; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 3 [KO:K14209]
103075338  COL14A1; collagen alpha-1(XIV) chain [KO:K08133]
103075657  COL5A3; collagen alpha-3(V) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
103075762  SLC38A2; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 isoform X1 [KO:K14207]
103075780  CPB2; carboxypeptidase B2 isoform X1 [KO:K01300] [EC:3.4.17.20]
103075840  COL12A1; collagen alpha-1(XII) chain [KO:K08132]
103075949  PRCP; lysosomal Pro-X carboxypeptidase [KO:K01285] [EC:3.4.16.2]
103076878  ELN; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: elastin [KO:K14211]
103077986  COL6A2; collagen alpha-2(VI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06238]
103078001  CTRL; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: chymotrypsin-like protease CTRL-1 [KO:K09632] [EC:3.4.21.-]
103078018  CTRB1; chymotrypsinogen B [KO:K01310] [EC:3.4.21.1]
103078167  SLC16A10; monocarboxylate transporter 10 [KO:K08187]
103078282  CELA2A; chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 2A [KO:K01346] [EC:3.4.21.71]
103078294  [KO:K01310] [EC:3.4.21.1]
103078299  COL2A1; collagen alpha-1(II) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19719]
103078551  COL8A2; collagen alpha-2(VIII) chain [KO:K23455]
103078577  [KO:K01310] [EC:3.4.21.1]
103078744  COL18A1; collagen alpha-1(XVIII) chain [KO:K06823]
103078804  COL4A4; collagen alpha-4(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
103078809  SLC36A4; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 4 isoform X1 [KO:K14209]
103079124  COL24A1; collagen alpha-1(XXIV) chain [KO:K19721]
103080144  [KO:K05849]
103080460  COL27A1; collagen alpha-1(XXVII) chain [KO:K19721]
103080646  SLC7A7; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: Y+L amino acid transporter 1 [KO:K13867]
103081535  COL7A1; collagen alpha-1(VII) chain [KO:K16628]
103081666  SLC7A9; b(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1 isoform X1 [KO:K13868]
103082362  [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
103082631  [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
103082688  SLC3A1; neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT [KO:K14210]
103083485  COL9A2; collagen alpha-2(IX) chain [KO:K08131]
103084120  COL11A1; collagen alpha-1(XI) chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
103084310  COL5A1; collagen alpha-1(V) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
103084463  ATP1B3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3 [KO:K01540]
103084946  COL6A1; collagen alpha-1(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
103085609  COL10A1; collagen alpha-1(X) chain [KO:K19479]
103085693  ATP1A1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
103085990  SLC8A2; sodium/calcium exchanger 2 [KO:K05849]
103086182  KCNN4; intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 4 [KO:K04945]
103086281  COL11A2; collagen alpha-2(XI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
103086477  KCNJ13; inward rectifier potassium channel 13 isoform X1 [KO:K05006]
103086585  ACE2; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
103086605  XPNPEP2; xaa-Pro aminopeptidase 2 [KO:K14208] [EC:3.4.11.9]
103086616  COL17A1; collagen alpha-1(XVII) chain [KO:K07603]
103086857  KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 [KO:K04926]
103087018  KCNK5; potassium channel subfamily K member 5 isoform X1 [KO:K04916]
103087249  SLC7A8; large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 2 [KO:K13781]
103087996  MEP1A; meprin A subunit alpha [KO:K01395] [EC:3.4.24.18]
103088249  COL16A1; collagen alpha-1(XVI) chain [KO:K24339]
103088369  COL4A1; collagen alpha-1(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
103088450  SLC6A19; sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT1 [KO:K05334]
103088488  DPP4; dipeptidyl peptidase 4 isoform X1 [KO:K01278] [EC:3.4.14.5]
103088571  [KO:K06002] [EC:3.4.23.1]
103088616  [KO:K06238]
103088740  CELA3B; chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 3B [KO:K01345] [EC:3.4.21.70]
103088815  [KO:K01389] [EC:3.4.24.11]
103088842  [KO:K06002] [EC:3.4.23.1]
103088885  [KO:K06238]
103089111  [KO:K06002] [EC:3.4.23.1]
103089318  COL26A1; collagen alpha-1(XXVI) chain [KO:K24358]
103089337  COL21A1; collagen alpha-1(XXI) chain [KO:K16629]
103089387  ATP1B4; protein ATP1B4 isoform X1 [KO:K01540]
103089400  COL9A1; collagen alpha-1(IX) chain isoform X1 [KO:K08131]
103089438  COL4A2; collagen alpha-2(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
103089616  ATP1B2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2 [KO:K01540]
103089771  SLC9A3; sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3 isoform X1 [KO:K12040]
103089880  SLC1A5; neutral amino acid transporter B(0) [KO:K05616]
103090304  MEP1B; meprin A subunit beta [KO:K08606] [EC:3.4.24.63]
103090379  CPB1; carboxypeptidase B [KO:K01291] [EC:3.4.17.2]
103090958  COL19A1; collagen alpha-1(XIX) chain [KO:K24340]
103091674  COL4A5; collagen alpha-5(IV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06237]
Compound
C00011  CO2
C00014  Ammonia
C00025  L-Glutamate
C00033  Acetate
C00037  Glycine
C00041  L-Alanine
C00047  L-Lysine
C00049  L-Aspartate
C00062  L-Arginine
C00064  L-Glutamine
C00065  L-Serine
C00073  L-Methionine
C00076  Calcium cation
C00078  L-Tryptophan
C00079  L-Phenylalanine
C00080  H+
C00082  L-Tyrosine
C00097  L-Cysteine
C00099  beta-Alanine
C00123  L-Leucine
C00134  Putrescine
C00135  L-Histidine
C00146  Phenol
C00148  L-Proline
C00152  L-Asparagine
C00163  Propanoate
C00183  L-Valine
C00188  L-Threonine
C00238  Potassium cation
C00246  Butanoic acid
C00282  Hydrogen
C00388  Histamine
C00407  L-Isoleucine
C00463  Indole
C00483  Tyramine
C00491  L-Cystine
C01327  Hydrochloric acid
C01330  Sodium cation
C01438  Methane
C01468  4-Cresol
C01672  Cadaverine
C01746  Piperidine
C02632  2-Methylpropanoate
C05996  Branched chain fatty acid
C08262  3-Methylbutanoic acid
C16138  L-Pyrrolysine
C18319  2-Methylbutyrate
Reference
PMID:18195088
  Authors
Broer S
  Title
Amino acid transport across mammalian intestinal and renal epithelia.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 88:249-86 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00018.2006
Reference
PMID:15772300
  Authors
Palacin M, Nunes V, Font-Llitjos M, Jimenez-Vidal M, Fort J, Gasol E, Pineda M, Feliubadalo L, Chillaron J, Zorzano A
  Title
The genetics of heteromeric amino acid transporters.
  Journal
Physiology (Bethesda) 20:112-24 (2005)
DOI:10.1152/physiol.00051.2004
Reference
PMID:20522896
  Authors
Goodman BE
  Title
Insights into digestion and absorption of major nutrients in humans.
  Journal
Adv Physiol Educ 34:44-53 (2010)
DOI:10.1152/advan.00094.2009
Reference
PMID:11546643
  Authors
Wagner CA, Lang F, Broer S
  Title
Function and structure of heterodimeric amino acid transporters.
  Journal
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281:C1077-93 (2001)
DOI:10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.4.C1077
Reference
PMID:18400692
  Authors
Broer S
  Title
Apical transporters for neutral amino acids: physiology and pathophysiology.
  Journal
Physiology (Bethesda) 23:95-103 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physiol.00045.2007
Reference
PMID:9687539
  Authors
Wu G
  Title
Intestinal mucosal amino acid catabolism.
  Journal
J Nutr 128:1249-52 (1998)
DOI:10.1093/jn/128.8.1249
Reference
PMID:14977407
  Authors
Daniel H
  Title
Molecular and integrative physiology of intestinal peptide transport.
  Journal
Annu Rev Physiol 66:361-84 (2004)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.144149
Reference
PMID:12237156
  Authors
Rubio-Aliaga I, Daniel H
  Title
Mammalian peptide transporters as targets for drug delivery.
  Journal
Trends Pharmacol Sci 23:434-40 (2002)
DOI:10.1016/S0165-6147(02)02072-2
Reference
PMID:7937532
  Authors
Bai JP
  Title
Distribution of brush-border membrane peptidases along the rat intestine.
  Journal
Pharm Res 11:897-900 (1994)
DOI:10.1023/a:1018946228432
Reference
PMID:12583961
  Authors
Guarner F, Malagelada JR
  Title
Gut flora in health and disease.
  Journal
Lancet 361:512-9 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12489-0
Reference
PMID:16887608
  Authors
Smith EA, Macfarlane GT
  Title
Dissimilatory amino Acid metabolism in human colonic bacteria.
  Journal
Anaerobe 3:327-37 (1997)
DOI:10.1006/anae.1997.0121
Reference
PMID:20093818
  Authors
Schepers E, Glorieux G, Vanholder R
  Title
The gut: the forgotten organ in uremia?
  Journal
Blood Purif 29:130-6 (2010)
DOI:10.1159/000245639
Reference
  Authors
John H.Cummings
  Title
The large intestine in nutrition and disease
  Journal
Institut Danone
Reference
PMID:18626068
  Authors
Heitzmann D, Warth R
  Title
Physiology and pathophysiology of potassium channels in gastrointestinal epithelia.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 88:1119-82 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00020.2007
Related
pathway
lve00250  Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
lve04530  Tight junction
lve04971  Gastric acid secretion
lve04972  Pancreatic secretion
KO pathway
ko04974   

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