Entry Name Viral myocarditis - Loxodonta africana (African savanna elephant)
Description Myocarditis is a cardiac disease associated with inflammation and injury of the myocardium. It results from various etiologies, both noninfectious and infectious, but coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is still considered the dominant etiological agent. Myocarditis may be caused by direct cytopathic effects of virus, a pathologic immune response to persistent virus, or autoimmunity triggered by the viral infection. The virus enters the myocyte through internalization of the coxsackie-adenoviral receptor (CAR) and its coreceptor, decay-accelerating factor (DAF). Viral proteases cleave various proteins in the host cell. One example is viral protease 2A, which cleaves eukaryote initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) and the dystrophin protein, resulting in a complete shutdown of cap-dependent RNA translation and cytoskeletal destruction in infected cardiomyocytes, respectively. CVB3 also cleaves the member of the Bcl-2 family Bid, leading to apoptosis. CVB3 infection also induces the cleavage of cyclin D protein through a proteasome-dependent pathway, leading to the host cell-growth arrest. Viral infection and necrosis of myocytes may lead to the release of intracellular antigens, resulting in activation of self-reactive T cells. CVB infection is a significant cause of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) as well as myocarditis. Epidemiologically, myocarditis underlies a significant portion of patients with DCM.
Class Human Diseases; Cardiovascular diseaseBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Ortholog table Organism Loxodonta africana (African savanna elephant) [GN:
lav ]
Gene 100661058 CD55; complement decay-accelerating factor isoform X1 [KO:K04006 ]
100670627 EIF4G3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 3 isoform X9 [KO:K03260 ]
100662207 EIF4G1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1 [KO:K03260 ]
100664831 EIF4G2; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 2 [KO:K03260 ]
100666178 CD40; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5 [KO:K03160 ]
100672091 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DO alpha chain isoform X1 [KO:K06752 ]
100672379 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DM alpha chain [KO:K06752 ]
100664409 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ alpha 2 chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
100665293 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DRB1-4 beta chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
100662176 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP alpha 1 chain-like isoform X4 [KO:K06752 ]
100668794 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ beta 2 chain-like isoform X2 [KO:K06752 ]
100673529 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DO beta chain [KO:K06752 ]
100675728 DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
100669075 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ beta 1 chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
100666146 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
100665860 DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
100675445 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
100667002 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
100664981 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
100665266 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mamu class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
100671834 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP beta 1 chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
111748122 SLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ haplotype C beta chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
100672669 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DM beta chain isoform X1 [KO:K06752 ]
100674958 mamu class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain [KO:K06752 ]
100665550 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
100665834 DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
111748125 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP beta 1 chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
100671798 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP alpha 1 chain [KO:K06752 ]
100673824 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ beta 2 chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
100659676 DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
100655144 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B-37 alpha chain-like [KO:K06751 ]
100656828 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B-67 alpha chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
100653700 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, A-11 alpha chain-like [KO:K06751 ]
100657492 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, A-11 alpha chain-like isoform X2 [KO:K06751 ]
100667840 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B-40 alpha chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
100666699 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, A-3 alpha chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
100676481 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain G-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
100676766 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, A-3 alpha chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
100676584 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: class I histocompatibility antigen, Gogo-B*0101 alpha chain-like [KO:K06751 ]
100662084 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, A-11 alpha chain-like [KO:K06751 ]
100661889 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B-37 alpha chain-like [KO:K06751 ]
100667271 patr class I histocompatibility antigen, A-2 alpha chain-like [KO:K06751 ]
100664043 patr class I histocompatibility antigen, A-5 alpha chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
100666034 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, Cw-3 alpha chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
100664893 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, A-3 alpha chain-like [KO:K06751 ]
100659386 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B-39 alpha chain-like [KO:K06751 ]
100669340 H-2 class I histocompatibility antigen, Q10 alpha chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
100656594 CD86; T-lymphocyte activation antigen CD86 isoform X1 [KO:K05413 ]
100661033 CD28; T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28 isoform X1 [KO:K06470 ]
Reference Authors Esfandiarei M, McManus BM
Title Molecular biology and pathogenesis of viral myocarditis.
Journal Reference Authors Badorff C, Knowlton KU
Title Dystrophin disruption in enterovirus-induced myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: from bench to bedside.
Journal Reference Authors Maekawa Y, Ouzounian M, Opavsky MA, Liu PP
Title Connecting the missing link between dilated cardiomyopathy and viral myocarditis: virus, cytoskeleton, and innate immunity.
Journal Reference Authors Pankuweit S, Portig I, Maisch B
Title Pathophysiology of cardiac inflammation: molecular mechanisms.
Journal Reference Authors Gao G, Luo H
Title The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in viral infections.
Journal Reference Authors Coyne CB, Bergelson JM
Title Virus-induced Abl and Fyn kinase signals permit coxsackievirus entry through epithelial tight junctions.
Journal Reference Authors Badorff C, Lee GH, Knowlton KU
Title Enteroviral cardiomyopathy: bad news for the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex.
Journal Reference Authors Knowlton KU
Title CVB infection and mechanisms of viral cardiomyopathy.
Journal Reference Authors Castellano G, Affuso F, Di Conza P, Fazio S
Title Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: possible connections and treatments.
Journal Reference Authors Cooper LT Jr
Title Myocarditis.
Journal Reference Authors Kawai C
Title From myocarditis to cardiomyopathy: mechanisms of inflammation and cell death: learning from the past for the future.
Journal Reference Authors Liu PP, Mason JW
Title Advances in the understanding of myocarditis.
Journal Reference Authors Mason JW
Title Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: an inflammatory link.
Journal Reference Authors Tam PE
Title Coxsackievirus myocarditis: interplay between virus and host in the pathogenesis of heart disease.
Journal Related lav04612 Antigen processing and presentation
lav04660 T cell receptor signaling pathway
KO pathway LinkDB All DBs
