KEGG   PATHWAY: pswi04916
Entry
pswi04916                   Pathway                                
Name
Melanogenesis - Pseudoliparis swirei (Mariana hadal snailfish)
Description
Cutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory control by multiple agents. The most important positive regulator of melanogenesis is the MC1 receptor with its ligands melanocortic peptides. MC1R activates the cyclic AMP (cAMP) response-element binding protein (CREB). Increased expression of MITF and its activation by phosphorylation (P) stimulate the transcription of tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), and dopachrome tautomerase (DCT), which produce melanin. Melanin synthesis takes place within specialized intracellular organelles named melanosomes. Melanin-containing melanosomes then move from the perinuclear region to the dendrite tips and are transferred to keratinocytes by a still not well-characterized mechanism.
Class
Organismal Systems; Endocrine system
Pathway map
pswi04916  Melanogenesis
pswi04916

Organism
Pseudoliparis swirei (Mariana hadal snailfish) [GN:pswi]
Gene
130196468  pomca; proopiomelanocortin a isoform X1 [KO:K05228]
130202533  pro-opiomelanocortin-like [KO:K05228]
130207774  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04632]
130199258  gnas; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha [KO:K04632]
130193885  adcy1a; adenylate cyclase type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
130197934  adenylate cyclase type 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
130194309  adenylate cyclase type 2-like isoform X1 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
130212629  adcy2a; adenylate cyclase type 2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
130206457  adcy3a; adenylate cyclase type 3 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
130202530  adenylate cyclase type 3-like [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
130207209  adcy5; adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
130200154  adenylate cyclase type 6-like [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
130199141  adenylate cyclase type 6-like isoform X1 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
130192880  adcy7; adenylate cyclase type 7 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
130190901  adcy8; adenylate cyclase type 8 isoform X1 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
130188722  adenylate cyclase type 9-like [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
130189473  adcy9; adenylate cyclase type 9 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
130190218  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-like [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
130193455  prkacba; protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, catalytic, beta a isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
130188307  prkacaa; protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, catalytic, alpha, genome duplicate a isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
130198180  prkacbb; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, catalytic, beta b [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
130205795  creb1b; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1b isoform X1 [KO:K05870]
130204460  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K05870]
130194395  creb3l3a; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3-A isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
130196255  creb3l3l; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3-like 3 like [KO:K09048]
130200736  creb3l2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048]
130198150  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3-B [KO:K09048]
130204624  creb3l1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
130188720  crebbpb; CREB binding protein b isoform X1 [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
130189219  ep300b; histone acetyltransferase p300 isoform X1 [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
130189470  crebbpa; CREB-binding protein isoform X1 [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
130203276  histone acetyltransferase p300-like [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
130208769  mitfa; melanocyte inducing transcription factor a isoform X1 [KO:K09455]
130199736  microphthalmia-associated transcription factor-like isoform X1 [KO:K09455]
130199685  wnt1; protein Wnt-1 [KO:K03209]
130194637  wnt2; protein Wnt-2 isoform X1 [KO:K00182]
130208911  protein Wnt-2b-A-like [KO:K00182]
130199368  protein Wnt-2b-A [KO:K00182]
130203563  wnt3; proto-oncogene Wnt-3 [KO:K00312]
130198028  wnt3a; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: protein Wnt-3a [KO:K00312]
130213472  wnt4b; wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 4b [KO:K00408]
130208880  wnt4; protein Wnt-4a [KO:K00408]
130200592  wnt5b; protein Wnt-5b isoform X1 [KO:K00444]
130199750  wnt5a; protein Wnt-5a [KO:K00444]
130207725  wnt6b; protein Wnt-6 [KO:K00445]
130195162  wnt7bb; protein Wnt-7b [KO:K00572]
130200015  protein Wnt-7a [KO:K00572]
130200852  wnt7ba; protein Wnt-7b isoform X1 [KO:K00572]
130208406  wnt7aa; wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 7Aa [KO:K00572]
130207171  wnt8b; protein Wnt-8b [KO:K00714]
130210086  protein Wnt-8a-like [KO:K00714]
130210110  protein Wnt-8a-like [KO:K00714]
130188916  wnt9b; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: protein Wnt-9b [KO:K01064]
130198185  wnt9a; protein Wnt-9a [KO:K01064]
130203292  wnt10a; protein Wnt-10a [KO:K01357]
130199684  wnt10b; protein Wnt-10b [KO:K01357]
130212080  wnt11; protein Wnt-11 [KO:K01384]
130200750  wnt16; protein Wnt-16 [KO:K01558]
130206439  fzd1; frizzled-1 [KO:K02432]
130207579  frizzled-7-A-like [KO:K02432]
130188244  fzd2; frizzled-2 [KO:K02235]
130193185  frizzled-3-like isoform X1 [KO:K02329]
130203081  fzd3a; frizzled-3a isoform X1 [KO:K02329]
130211097  fzd4; frizzled-4 [KO:K02354]
130205890  fzd8a; frizzled-8a [KO:K02375]
130202863  fzd5; frizzled-5 [KO:K02375]
130197907  frizzled-8-like [KO:K02375]
130212645  frizzled-6-like [KO:K02376]
130196503  fzd10; frizzled-10 [KO:K02842]
130210566  fzd9b; frizzled-9b [KO:K02842]
130192361  gnao1b; guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha activating activity polypeptide O, b [KO:K04534]
130195785  gnao1a; guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha activating activity polypeptide O, a isoform X1 [KO:K04534]
130196152  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634]
130204941  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04634]
130212230  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha-like isoform X1 [KO:K04634]
130198133  segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3 isoform X1 [KO:K02353]
130199457  dvl1a; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-1 isoform X1 [KO:K02353]
130211774  dvl2; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-2 [KO:K02353]
130200655  gsk3ba; glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta isoform X1 [KO:K03083] [EC:2.7.11.26]
130194358  catenin beta-1-like [KO:K02105]
130213386  ctnnb1; catenin beta-1 [KO:K02105]
130211081  tcf7; transcription factor 7 isoform X1 [KO:K02620]
130197066  tcf7l1b; transcription factor 7-like 1-B isoform X1 [KO:K04490]
130205718  tcf7l1a; transcription factor 7-like 1-A [KO:K04490]
130203272  tcf7l2; transcription factor 7-like 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04491]
130190413  lef1; lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04492]
130195412  kitlga; kit ligand a [KO:K05461]
130200679  uncharacterized protein LOC130200679 [KO:K05461]
130190566  kitb; KIT proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase b isoform X1 [KO:K05091] [EC:2.7.10.1]
130193704  kita; mast/stem cell growth factor receptor kita isoform X1 [KO:K05091] [EC:2.7.10.1]
130195891  GTPase HRas [KO:K02833]
130189051  zgc:55558; GTPase KRas [KO:K07827]
130195239  kras; GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
130199044  raf1a; raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase a isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
130194985  map2k1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
130194253  map2k2a; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2a [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
130196458  mapk1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
130189362  mapk3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
130189390  tyrosinase-like [KO:K00505] [EC:1.14.18.1]
130211087  tyr; tyrosinase [KO:K00505] [EC:1.14.18.1]
130190107  tyrp1b; tyrosinase-related protein 1b [KO:K00506] [EC:1.14.18.-]
130211723  5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase-like [KO:K00506] [EC:1.14.18.-]
130205244  dct; L-dopachrome tautomerase [KO:K01827] [EC:5.3.3.12]
130193765  edn1; endothelin-1 [KO:K16366]
130209926  endothelin receptor type B-like [KO:K04198]
130198564  ednrba; endothelin receptor Ba [KO:K04198]
130204343  endothelin receptor type B-like [KO:K04198]
130195334  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630]
130200170  gnai3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha [KO:K04630]
130200551  gnai1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04630]
130208100  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2-like [KO:K04630]
130208553  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630]
130207272  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1-like [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
130201430  plcb2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
130202601  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4-like isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
130202605  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
130211644  plcb3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
130192292  calml4a; calmodulin-like protein 4a [KO:K02183]
130206962  calm2a; calmodulin 2a (phosphorylase kinase, delta) [KO:K02183]
130201284  calm1a; calmodulin-1a [KO:K02183]
130203085  calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
130210556  calm3a; calmodulin 3a (phosphorylase kinase, delta) [KO:K02183]
130190133  camk2d2; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II delta 2 chain isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
130197335  camk2b1; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) II beta 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
130206769  camk2g2; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
130203157  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma-like isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
130210158  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha-like [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
130205156  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
130211907  camk2d1; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II delta 1 chain isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
130188951  prkcab; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
130189644  protein kinase C alpha type-like [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
130190241  protein kinase C beta type isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
130188608  protein kinase C beta type-like isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
130213123  prkcg; protein kinase C gamma type isoform X1 [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
Compound
C00076  Calcium cation
C00082  L-Tyrosine
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C05606  Melanin
Reference
PMID:15383650
  Authors
Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Wortsman J.
  Title
Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 84:1155-228 (2004)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00044.2003
Reference
PMID:10841026
  Authors
Busca R, Ballotti R.
  Title
Cyclic AMP a key messenger in the regulation of skin pigmentation.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 13:60-9 (2000)
DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0749.2000.130203.x
Reference
PMID:15016298
  Authors
Imokawa G.
  Title
Autocrine and paracrine regulation of melanocytes in human skin and in pigmentary disorders.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 17:96-110 (2004)
DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0749.2003.00126.x
Reference
PMID:11023702
  Authors
Wikberg JE, Muceniece R, Mandrika I, Prusis P, Lindblom J, Post C, Skottner A.
  Title
New aspects on the melanocortins and their receptors.
  Journal
Pharmacol Res 42:393-420 (2000)
DOI:10.1006/phrs.2000.0725
Reference
PMID:12894244
  Authors
Chin L.
  Title
The genetics of malignant melanoma: lessons from mouse and man.
  Journal
Nat Rev Cancer 3:559-70 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/nrc1145
Reference
PMID:16822996
  Authors
Miller AJ, Mihm MC Jr.
  Title
Melanoma.
  Journal
N Engl J Med 355:51-65 (2006)
DOI:10.1056/NEJMra052166
Reference
PMID:12753399
  Authors
Saito H, Yasumoto K, Takeda K, Takahashi K, Yamamoto H, Shibahara S.
  Title
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in the Wnt signaling pathway.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 16:261-5 (2003)
DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0749.2003.00039.x
Reference
PMID:9263329
  Authors
Imokawa G, Kobayashi T, Miyagishi M, Higashi K, Yada Y.
  Title
The role of endothelin-1 in epidermal hyperpigmentation and signaling mechanisms of mitogenesis and melanogenesis.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 10:218-28 (1997)
DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0749.1997.tb00488.x
Reference
PMID:10643996
  Authors
Park HY, Gilchrest BA.
  Title
Signaling pathways mediating melanogenesis.
  Journal
Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 45:919-30 (1999)
Reference
PMID:10347209
  Authors
Park HY, Perez JM, Laursen R, Hara M, Gilchrest BA.
  Title
Protein kinase C-beta activates tyrosinase by phosphorylating serine residues in its cytoplasmic domain.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 274:16470-8 (1999)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.274.23.16470
Reference
PMID:11602344
  Authors
Sturm RA, Teasdale RD, Box NF.
  Title
Human pigmentation genes: identification, structure and consequences of polymorphic variation.
  Journal
Gene 277:49-62 (2001)
DOI:10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00694-1
Reference
PMID:11041354
  Authors
Hearing VJ.
  Title
The melanosome: the perfect model for cellular responses to the environment.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 13 Suppl 8:23-34 (2000)
DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0749.13.s8.7.x
Reference
PMID:16246839
  Authors
Molina DM, Grewal S, Bardwell L.
  Title
Characterization of an ERK-binding domain in microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and differential inhibition of ERK2-mediated substrate phosphorylation.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 280:42051-60 (2005)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M510590200
Related
pathway
pswi00350  Tyrosine metabolism
pswi04010  MAPK signaling pathway
pswi04310  Wnt signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04916   
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