KEGG   PATHWAY: pon04970
Entry
pon04970                    Pathway                                
Name
Salivary secretion - Pongo abelii (Sumatran orangutan)
Description
Saliva has manifold functions in maintaining the integrity of the oral tissues, in protecting teeth from caries, in the tasting and ingestion of food, in speech and in the tolerance of tenures, for example. Salivary secretion occurs in response to stimulation by neurotransmitters released from autonomic nerve endings. There are two secretory pathways: protein exocytosis and fluid secretion. Sympathetic stimulation leads to the activation of adenylate cyclase and accumulation of intracellular cAMP. The elevation of cAMP causes the secretion of proteins such as amylase and mucin. In contrast, parasympathetic stimulation activates phospholipase C and causes the elevation of intracellular Ca2+, which leads to fluid secretion; that is, water and ion transport. Ca2+ also induces amylase secretion, but the amount is smaller than that induced by cAMP.
Class
Organismal Systems; Digestive system
Pathway map
pon04970  Salivary secretion
pon04970

Other DBs
GO: 0046541
Organism
Pongo abelii (Sumatran orangutan) [GN:pon]
Gene
100441708  ADRB1; beta-1 adrenergic receptor [KO:K04141]
100455509  ADRB2; beta-2 adrenergic receptor [KO:K04142]
100454445  ADRB3; beta-3 adrenergic receptor [KO:K04143]
103888841  GNAS; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04632]
129047212  neuroendocrine secretory protein 55 [KO:K04632]
100449504  ADCY1; adenylate cyclase type 1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
100445431  ADCY2; adenylate cyclase type 2 isoform X2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
100431221  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
100460806  ADCY4; adenylate cyclase type 4 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
100454138  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase type 5 isoform X1 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
100438178  ADCY6; adenylate cyclase type 6 isoform X2 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
100436577  ADCY7; adenylate cyclase type 7 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
100461383  ADCY8; adenylate cyclase type 8 isoform X1 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103889530  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase type 9 isoform X1 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
100174748  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform 2 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
100431906  PRKACG; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit gamma [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
100437102  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
100447511  VAMP2; vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 isoform X3 [KO:K13504]
100447956  ADRA1A; alpha-1A adrenergic receptor [KO:K04135]
100435632  ADRA1B; alpha-1B adrenergic receptor [KO:K04136]
100461963  ADRA1D; alpha-1D adrenergic receptor [KO:K04137]
100172838  CHRM3; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 [KO:K04131]
100458686  GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04634]
129052407  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04634]
100458716  PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
100460060  PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
100434502  PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
100461961  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X5 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
100434355  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X2 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
100439900  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type isoform X2 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
100451563  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type isoform X1 [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
100445922  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958]
100434318  ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04959]
100434127  ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04960]
100432693  RYR3; ryanodine receptor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04963]
100436432  CALML5; calmodulin-like protein 5 [KO:K02183]
100436811  CALML3; calmodulin-like protein 3 [KO:K02183]
100444426  CALML6; calmodulin-like protein 6 isoform X1 [KO:K02183]
100451658  CALML4; calmodulin-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K02183]
100455662  calmodulin-alpha-like [KO:K02183]
103892390  calmodulin-1-like [KO:K02183]
100172680  CALM1; calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
100172890  CALM3; calmodulin [KO:K02183]
100173214  CALM2; calmodulin-2 [KO:K02183]
100433069  NOS1; nitric oxide synthase 1 [KO:K13240] [EC:1.14.13.39]
100445361  GUCY1A2; guanylate cyclase soluble subunit alpha-2 [KO:K12318] [EC:4.6.1.2]
100172608  GUCY1A1; guanylate cyclase soluble subunit alpha-1 [KO:K12318] [EC:4.6.1.2]
100434873  GUCY1B1; guanylate cyclase soluble subunit beta-1 isoform X2 [KO:K12319] [EC:4.6.1.2]
100445008  guanylate cyclase soluble subunit beta-2 [KO:K12319] [EC:4.6.1.2]
100437791  PRKG1; cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K07376] [EC:2.7.11.12]
100438589  PRKG2; cGMP-dependent protein kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K19477] [EC:2.7.11.12]
100457558  CD38; ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1 [KO:K01242] [EC:3.2.2.6 2.4.99.20]
100174150  BST1; ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 2 precursor [KO:K18152] [EC:3.2.2.6 2.4.99.20]
100446550  BEST2; bestrophin-2 [KO:K13879]
100451885  AQP5; aquaporin-5 [KO:K09867]
100440055  ATP1A3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3 isoform X1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
100174388  ATP1A1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
100451523  ATP1A4; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4 isoform X1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
100172203  ATP1A2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
100434842  ATP1B2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2 [KO:K01540]
100440451  ATP1B4; protein ATP1B4 isoform X1 [KO:K01540]
100447776  ATP1B3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K01540]
100173011  ATP1B1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1 [KO:K01540]
129047407  FXYD2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma [KO:K01538]
100438617  ATP2B3; plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 3 isoform X3 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
100172812  ATP2B1; plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
100450436  ATP2B2; plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
100446010  ATP2B4; plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 4 isoform X1 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
100435387  SLC12A2; solute carrier family 12 member 2 isoform X1 [KO:K10951]
100431607  KCNN4; intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04945]
100454095  KCNMA1; calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1 isoform X3 [KO:K04936]
100172030  SLC4A2; anion exchange protein 2 isoform 1 [KO:K13855]
100450045  SLC9A1; sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1 isoform X2 [KO:K05742]
100444612  TRPV6; transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 6 isoform X2 [KO:K04975]
100462003  MUC5AC; mucin-5AC [KO:K13908]
100457429  MUC7; mucin-7 [KO:K13909]
100446394  alpha-amylase 1B [KO:K01176] [EC:3.2.1.1]
100447008  pancreatic alpha-amylase [KO:K01176] [EC:3.2.1.1]
100453690  pancreatic alpha-amylase isoform X1 [KO:K01176] [EC:3.2.1.1]
100436447  salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoprotein 1/2 [KO:K13910]
103889445  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoprotein 1/2 [KO:K13910]
100438168  DMBT1; deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 protein [KO:K13912]
100445544  cystatin-SA [KO:K13898]
100935686  CST3; cystatin-C [KO:K13899]
100445936  CST5; cystatin-D [KO:K13901]
100453551  HTN3; histatin-3 [KO:K13913]
103890434  HTN1; histatin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K13913]
100940047  STATH; statherin isoform X1 [KO:K13914]
100451264  LYZ; lysozyme C [KO:K13915] [EC:3.2.1.17]
100462313  LPO; lactoperoxidase [KO:K12550] [EC:1.11.1.7]
100458748  CAMP; cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide isoform X1 [KO:K13916]
Compound
C00001  H2O
C00011  CO2
C00076  Calcium cation
C00080  H+
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00238  Potassium cation
C00288  HCO3-
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00547  L-Noradrenaline
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C00698  Cl-
C00942  3',5'-Cyclic GMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01330  Sodium cation
C01353  Carbonic acid
C01996  Acetylcholine
C13050  Cyclic ADP-ribose
Reference
PMID:16799262
  Authors
Ishikawa Y, Cho G, Yuan Z, Skowronski MT, Pan Y, Ishida H
  Title
Water channels and zymogen granules in salivary glands.
  Journal
J Pharmacol Sci 100:495-512 (2006)
DOI:10.1254/jphs.CRJ06007X
Reference
PMID:16712780
  Authors
Ishikawa Y, Cho G, Yuan Z, Inoue N, Nakae Y
  Title
Aquaporin-5 water channel in lipid rafts of rat parotid glands.
  Journal
Biochim Biophys Acta 1758:1053-60 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.03.026
Reference
PMID:10682899
  Authors
Ambudkar IS
  Title
Regulation of calcium in salivary gland secretion.
  Journal
Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 11:4-25 (2000)
DOI:10.1177/10454411000110010301
Reference
PMID:10928320
  Authors
Ishikawa Y, Ishida H
  Title
Aquaporin water channel in salivary glands.
  Journal
Jpn J Pharmacol 83:95-101 (2000)
DOI:10.1254/jjp.83.95
Reference
PMID:8105741
  Authors
Baum BJ
  Title
Principles of saliva secretion.
  Journal
Ann N Y Acad Sci 694:17-23 (1993)
DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb18338.x
Reference
PMID:9720759
  Authors
Fujita-Yoshigaki J
  Title
Divergence and convergence in regulated exocytosis: the characteristics of cAMP-dependent enzyme secretion of parotid salivary acinar cells.
  Journal
Cell Signal 10:371-5 (1998)
DOI:10.1016/S0898-6568(97)00178-2
Reference
PMID:18626068
  Authors
Heitzmann D, Warth R
  Title
Physiology and pathophysiology of potassium channels in gastrointestinal epithelia.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 88:1119-82 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00020.2007
Reference
PMID:17157080
  Authors
Proctor GB, Carpenter GH
  Title
Regulation of salivary gland function by autonomic nerves.
  Journal
Auton Neurosci 133:3-18 (2007)
DOI:10.1016/j.autneu.2006.10.006
Reference
PMID:11936453
  Authors
Turner RJ, Sugiya H
  Title
Understanding salivary fluid and protein secretion.
  Journal
Oral Dis 8:3-11 (2002)
DOI:10.1034/j.1601-0825.2002.10815.x
Reference
PMID:15153696
  Authors
Van Nieuw Amerongen A, Bolscher JG, Veerman EC
  Title
Salivary proteins: protective and diagnostic value in cariology?
  Journal
Caries Res 38:247-53 (2004)
DOI:10.1159/000077762
Reference
PMID:17347411
  Authors
Nakamoto T, Srivastava A, Romanenko VG, Ovitt CE, Perez-Cornejo P, Arreola J, Begenisich T, Melvin JE
  Title
Functional and molecular characterization of the fluid secretion mechanism in human parotid acinar cells.
  Journal
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 292:R2380-90 (2007)
DOI:10.1152/ajpregu.00591.2006
Reference
PMID:15709965
  Authors
Melvin JE, Yule D, Shuttleworth T, Begenisich T
  Title
Regulation of fluid and electrolyte secretion in salivary gland acinar cells.
  Journal
Annu Rev Physiol 67:445-69 (2005)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.041703.084745
Reference
PMID:20224180
  Authors
Catalan MA, Nakamoto T, Melvin JE
  Title
The salivary gland fluid secretion mechanism.
  Journal
J Med Invest 56 Suppl:192-6 (2009)
DOI:10.2152/jmi.56.192
Related
pathway
pon04020  Calcium signaling pathway
pon04530  Tight junction
pon04973  Carbohydrate digestion and absorption
KO pathway
ko04970   
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