KEGG   PATHWAY: ngi05219
Entry
ngi05219                    Pathway                                
Name
Bladder cancer - Nannospalax galili (Upper Galilee mountains blind mole rat)
Description
The urothelium covers the luminal surface of almost the entire urinary tract, extending from the renal pelvis, through the ureter and bladder, to the proximal urethra. The majority of urothelial carcinoma are bladder carcinomas, and urothelial carcinomas of the renal pelvis and ureter account for only approximately 7% of the total. Urothelial tumours arise and evolve through divergent phenotypic pathways. Some tumours progress from urothelial hyperplasia to low-grade non-invasive superficial papillary tumours. More aggressive variants arise either from flat, high-grade carcinoma in situ (CIS) and progress to invasive tumours, or they arise de novo as invasive tumours. Low-grade papillary tumors frequently show a constitutive activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase-Ras pathway, exhibiting activating mutations in the HRAS and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) genes. In contrast, CIS and invasive tumors frequently show alterations in the TP53 and RB genes and pathways. Invasion and metastases are promoted by several factors that alter the tumour microenvironment, including the aberrant expression of E-cadherins (E-cad), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
Class
Human Diseases; Cancer: specific types
Pathway map
ngi05219  Bladder cancer
ngi05219

Disease
H00022  Bladder cancer
Organism
Nannospalax galili (Upper Galilee mountains blind mole rat) [GN:ngi]
Gene
103724612  Rps6ka5; ribosomal protein S6 kinase A5 [KO:K04445] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103726107  Braf; B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase [KO:K04365] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103726390  Mapk3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103726779  Rb1; RB transcriptional corepressor 1 [KO:K06618]
103727450  Thbs1; thrombospondin 1 [KO:K16857]
103730663  [KO:K06621]
103730772  Vegfa; vascular endothelial growth factor A [KO:K05448]
103731579  [KO:K01388] [EC:3.4.24.7]
103731678  [KO:K01388] [EC:3.4.24.7]
103731682  Mmp2; matrix metallopeptidase 2 [KO:K01398] [EC:3.4.24.24]
103734199  Dapk1; death associated protein kinase 1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103734864  Cdh1; cadherin 1 [KO:K05689]
103734938  Nras; neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog [KO:K07828]
103735486  Tymp; thymidine phosphorylase [KO:K00758] [EC:2.4.2.4]
103736717  Kras; KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase [KO:K07827]
103736801  Map2k1; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
103737271  Dapk3; death associated protein kinase 3 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103737276  Map2k2; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
103739652  Cdkn1a; cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A [KO:K06625]
103741127  Fgfr3; fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 [KO:K05094] [EC:2.7.10.1]
103741442  Mapk1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103741627  Araf; A-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase [KO:K08845] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103742429  Cxcl8; C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 [KO:K10030]
103742642  Egf; epidermal growth factor [KO:K04357]
103742900  Cdk4; cyclin dependent kinase 4 [KO:K02089] [EC:2.7.11.22]
103743072  Hbegf; heparin binding EGF like growth factor [KO:K08523]
103743422  Upk3a; uroplakin 3A [KO:K19520]
103743825  Erbb2; erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 [KO:K05083] [EC:2.7.10.1]
103743920  Myc; v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog [KO:K04377]
103745079  Mdm2; MDM2 proto-oncogene [KO:K06643] [EC:2.3.2.27]
103745641  E2f3; E2F transcription factor 3 [KO:K06620]
103746411  E2f2; E2F transcription factor 2 [KO:K09389]
103748852  [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
103750086  Dapk2; death associated protein kinase 2 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103750153  Rassf1; Ras association domain family member 1 [KO:K09850]
103751075  Hras; HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase [KO:K02833]
103751232  Mmp9; matrix metallopeptidase 9 [KO:K01403] [EC:3.4.24.35]
103751450  Raf1; Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103751498  Ccnd1; cyclin D1 [KO:K04503]
103751571  E2f1; E2F transcription factor 1 [KO:K17454]
103752029  Src; SRC proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase [KO:K05704] [EC:2.7.10.2]
103752115  Tp53; tumor protein p53 [KO:K04451]
Reference
  Authors
Mitra AP, Datar RH, Cote RJ.
  Title
Molecular pathways in invasive bladder cancer: new insights into mechanisms, progression, and target identification.
  Journal
J Clin Oncol 24:5552-64 (2006)
DOI:10.1200/JCO.2006.08.2073
Reference
  Authors
Wolff EM, Liang G, Jones PA.
  Title
Mechanisms of Disease: genetic and epigenetic alterations that drive bladder cancer.
  Journal
Nat Clin Pract Urol 2:502-10 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/ncpuro0318
Reference
  Authors
Wu XR.
  Title
Urothelial tumorigenesis: a tale of divergent pathways.
  Journal
Nat Rev Cancer 5:713-25 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nrc1697
Reference
  Authors
Brown NS, Jones A, Fujiyama C, Harris AL, Bicknell R.
  Title
Thymidine phosphorylase induces carcinoma cell oxidative stress and promotes secretion of angiogenic factors.
  Journal
Cancer Res 60:6298-302 (2000)
Reference
  Authors
Bellmunt J, Hussain M, Dinney CP.
  Title
Novel approaches with targeted therapies in bladder cancer. Therapy of bladder cancer by blockade of the epidermal growth factor receptor family.
  Journal
Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 46 Suppl:S85-104 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S1040-8428(03)00067-2
Reference
  Authors
Sugano K, Kakizoe T.
  Title
Genetic alterations in bladder cancer and their clinical applications in molecular tumor staging.
  Journal
Nat Clin Pract Urol 3:642-52 (2006)
DOI:10.1038/ncpuro0649
Reference
  Authors
Dunn KL, Espino PS, Drobic B, He S, Davie JR.
  Title
The Ras-MAPK signal transduction pathway, cancer and chromatin remodeling.
  Journal
Biochem Cell Biol 83:1-14 (2005)
DOI:10.1139/o04-121
Reference
  Authors
Williams SG, Stein JP.
  Title
Molecular pathways in bladder cancer.
  Journal
Urol Res 32:373-85 (2004)
DOI:10.1007/s00240-003-0345-y
Related
pathway
ngi04010  MAPK signaling pathway
ngi04012  ErbB signaling pathway
ngi04110  Cell cycle
ngi04115  p53 signaling pathway
ngi04370  VEGF signaling pathway
ngi04520  Adherens junction
KO pathway
ko05219   

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