Entry Name Circadian entrainment - Balaenoptera acutorostrata scammoni (minke whale)
Description Circadian entrainment is a fundamental property by which the period of the internal biological clock is entrained by recurring exogenous signals, such that the organism's endocrine and behavioral rhythms are synchronized to environmental cues. In mammals, a master clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus and may synchronize circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues. Light signal is the dominant synchronizer for master SCN clock. Downstream from the retina, glutamate and PACAP are released and trigger the activation of signal transduction cascades, including CamKII and nNOS activity, cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Of non-photic entrainment, important phase shifting capabilities have been found for melatonin, which inhibits light-induced phase shifts through inhibition of adenylate cyclase (AC). Multiple entrainment pathways converge into CREB regulation. In turn, phosphorylated CREB activates clock gene expression.
Class Organismal Systems; Environmental adaptationBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Ortholog table Other DBs Organism Balaenoptera acutorostrata scammoni (minke whale) [GN:
bacu ]
Gene 103001022 GRIN1; glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 1 [KO:K05208 ]
103006151 GRIN2A; glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2A [KO:K05209 ]
102999259 GRIN2B; glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2B [KO:K05210 ]
103008767 GRIN2C; glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2C [KO:K05211 ]
103006149 GRIN2D; glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2D [KO:K05212 ]
103005686 NOS1AP; nitric oxide synthase 1 (neuronal) adaptor protein [KO:K16513 ]
103002398 GRIA1; glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 1 [KO:K05197 ]
103017187 GRIA2; glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 2 [KO:K05198 ]
102999138 GRIA4; glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 4 [KO:K05200 ]
103001651 CACNA1G; calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 G [KO:K04854 ]
103011359 CACNA1H; calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 H [KO:K04855 ]
102999494 CACNA1I; calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 I [KO:K04856 ]
103019389 CACNA1C; calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C [KO:K04850 ]
103001906 CACNA1D; calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 D [KO:K04851 ]
103017653 KCNJ3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily J member 3 [KO:K04997 ]
103005183 KCNJ5; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily J member 5 [KO:K04999 ]
103014208 KCNJ6; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily J member 6 [KO:K05000 ]
103007029 KCNJ9; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily J member 9 [KO:K05002 ]
102997242 FOS; Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit [KO:K04379 ]
Compound Reference Authors Brown TM, Piggins HD
Title Electrophysiology of the suprachiasmatic circadian clock.
Journal Reference Authors Dickson L, Finlayson K
Title VPAC and PAC receptors: From ligands to function.
Journal Reference Authors Golombek DA, Rosenstein RE
Title Physiology of circadian entrainment.
Journal Reference Authors Dubocovich ML, Markowska M
Title Functional MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors in mammals.
Journal Reference Authors Dubocovich ML, Delagrange P, Krause DN, Sugden D, Cardinali DP, Olcese J
Title International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXV. Nomenclature, classification, and pharmacology of G protein-coupled melatonin receptors.
Journal Reference Authors Hardeland R
Title Melatonin: signaling mechanisms of a pleiotropic agent.
Journal Reference Authors Golombek DA, Ferreyra GA, Agostino PV, Murad AD, Rubio MF, Pizzio GA, Katz ME, Marpegan L, Bekinschtein TA
Title From light to genes: moving the hands of the circadian clock.
Journal Reference Authors Mertens I, Husson SJ, Janssen T, Lindemans M, Schoofs L
Title PACAP and PDF signaling in the regulation of mammalian and insect circadian rhythms.
Journal Reference Authors Kim DY, Choi HJ, Kim JS, Kim YS, Jeong DU, Shin HC, Kim MJ, Han HC, Hong SK, Kim YI
Title Voltage-gated calcium channels play crucial roles in the glutamate-induced phase shifts of the rat suprachiasmatic circadian clock.
Journal Reference Authors Agostino PV, Ferreyra GA, Murad AD, Watanabe Y, Golombek DA
Title Diurnal, circadian and photic regulation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the hamster suprachiasmatic nuclei.
Journal Reference Authors Ferreyra GA, Golombek DA
Title Rhythmicity of the cGMP-related signal transduction pathway in the mammalian circadian system.
Journal Reference Authors Butcher GQ, Lee B, Cheng HY, Obrietan K
Title Light stimulates MSK1 activation in the suprachiasmatic nucleus via a PACAP-ERK/MAP kinase-dependent mechanism.
Journal Reference Authors Hamada T, Niki T, Ziging P, Sugiyama T, Watanabe S, Mikoshiba K, Ishida N
Title Differential expression patterns of inositol trisphosphate receptor types 1 and 3 in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Journal Reference Authors Diaz-Munoz M, Dent MA, Granados-Fuentes D, Hall AC, Hernandez-Cruz A, Harrington ME, Aguilar-Roblero R
Title Circadian modulation of the ryanodine receptor type 2 in the SCN of rodents.
Journal Reference Authors Fang M, Jaffrey SR, Sawa A, Ye K, Luo X, Snyder SH
Title Dexras1: a G protein specifically coupled to neuronal nitric oxide synthase via CAPON.
Journal Reference Authors Takahashi H, Umeda N, Tsutsumi Y, Fukumura R, Ohkaze H, Sujino M, van der Horst G, Yasui A, Inouye ST, Fujimori A, Ohhata T, Araki R, Abe M
Title Mouse dexamethasone-induced RAS protein 1 gene is expressed in a circadian rhythmic manner in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Journal Reference Authors Cheng HY, Dziema H, Papp J, Mathur DP, Koletar M, Ralph MR, Penninger JM, Obrietan K
Title The molecular gatekeeper Dexras1 sculpts the photic responsiveness of the mammalian circadian clock.
Journal Related KO pathway LinkDB All DBs
