Entry
Name
Circadian entrainment - Enhydra lutris kenyoni (northern sea otter)
Description
Circadian entrainment is a fundamental property by which the period of the internal biological clock is entrained by recurring exogenous signals, such that the organism's endocrine and behavioral rhythms are synchronized to environmental cues. In mammals, a master clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus and may synchronize circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues. Light signal is the dominant synchronizer for master SCN clock. Downstream from the retina, glutamate and PACAP are released and trigger the activation of signal transduction cascades, including CamKII and nNOS activity, cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Of non-photic entrainment, important phase shifting capabilities have been found for melatonin, which inhibits light-induced phase shifts through inhibition of adenylate cyclase (AC). Multiple entrainment pathways converge into CREB regulation. In turn, phosphorylated CREB activates clock gene expression.
Class
Organismal Systems; Environmental adaptation
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Other DBs
Organism
Enhydra lutris kenyoni (northern sea otter) [GN:
elk ]
Gene
111147575 cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870 ]
111144005 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
111151138 carboxyl-terminal PDZ ligand of neuronal nitric oxide synthase protein isoform X1 [KO:K16513 ]
111155312 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630 ]
111143783 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630 ]
111143343 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(k) subunit alpha [KO:K04630 ]
111157367 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha [KO:K04534 ]
111154601 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536 ]
111145586 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04537 ]
111159773 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 [KO:K07825 ]
111159618 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 isoform X1 [KO:K07826 ]
111149566 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540 ]
111160502 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541 ]
111143000 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542 ]
111161718 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543 ]
111160835 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 [KO:K04544 ]
111145828 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545 ]
111147333 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546 ]
111142967 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347 ]
111156207 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 [KO:K04547 ]
111147281 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548 ]
111151818 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 [KO:K04549 ]
111151233 voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G isoform X1 [KO:K04854 ]
111156013 voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H [KO:K04855 ]
111157525 voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I [KO:K04856 ]
111147323 pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type I receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04587 ]
111141614 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms XLas [KO:K04632 ]
111159674 voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850 ]
111143738 voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851 ]
111153498 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
111143157 G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 [KO:K04997 ]
111153936 G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 4 [KO:K04999 ]
111155756 G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K05000 ]
111139030 G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 3 [KO:K05002 ]
111145278 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: period circadian protein homolog 2 [KO:K02633 ]
Compound
Reference
Authors
Brown TM, Piggins HD
Title
Electrophysiology of the suprachiasmatic circadian clock.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Dickson L, Finlayson K
Title
VPAC and PAC receptors: From ligands to function.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Golombek DA, Rosenstein RE
Title
Physiology of circadian entrainment.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Dubocovich ML, Markowska M
Title
Functional MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors in mammals.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Dubocovich ML, Delagrange P, Krause DN, Sugden D, Cardinali DP, Olcese J
Title
International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXV. Nomenclature, classification, and pharmacology of G protein-coupled melatonin receptors.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hardeland R
Title
Melatonin: signaling mechanisms of a pleiotropic agent.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Golombek DA, Ferreyra GA, Agostino PV, Murad AD, Rubio MF, Pizzio GA, Katz ME, Marpegan L, Bekinschtein TA
Title
From light to genes: moving the hands of the circadian clock.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mertens I, Husson SJ, Janssen T, Lindemans M, Schoofs L
Title
PACAP and PDF signaling in the regulation of mammalian and insect circadian rhythms.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kim DY, Choi HJ, Kim JS, Kim YS, Jeong DU, Shin HC, Kim MJ, Han HC, Hong SK, Kim YI
Title
Voltage-gated calcium channels play crucial roles in the glutamate-induced phase shifts of the rat suprachiasmatic circadian clock.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Agostino PV, Ferreyra GA, Murad AD, Watanabe Y, Golombek DA
Title
Diurnal, circadian and photic regulation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the hamster suprachiasmatic nuclei.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ferreyra GA, Golombek DA
Title
Rhythmicity of the cGMP-related signal transduction pathway in the mammalian circadian system.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Butcher GQ, Lee B, Cheng HY, Obrietan K
Title
Light stimulates MSK1 activation in the suprachiasmatic nucleus via a PACAP-ERK/MAP kinase-dependent mechanism.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hamada T, Niki T, Ziging P, Sugiyama T, Watanabe S, Mikoshiba K, Ishida N
Title
Differential expression patterns of inositol trisphosphate receptor types 1 and 3 in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Diaz-Munoz M, Dent MA, Granados-Fuentes D, Hall AC, Hernandez-Cruz A, Harrington ME, Aguilar-Roblero R
Title
Circadian modulation of the ryanodine receptor type 2 in the SCN of rodents.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Fang M, Jaffrey SR, Sawa A, Ye K, Luo X, Snyder SH
Title
Dexras1: a G protein specifically coupled to neuronal nitric oxide synthase via CAPON.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Takahashi H, Umeda N, Tsutsumi Y, Fukumura R, Ohkaze H, Sujino M, van der Horst G, Yasui A, Inouye ST, Fujimori A, Ohhata T, Araki R, Abe M
Title
Mouse dexamethasone-induced RAS protein 1 gene is expressed in a circadian rhythmic manner in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Cheng HY, Dziema H, Papp J, Mathur DP, Koletar M, Ralph MR, Penninger JM, Obrietan K
Title
The molecular gatekeeper Dexras1 sculpts the photic responsiveness of the mammalian circadian clock.
Journal
Related pathway
KO pathway
LinkDB
All DBs