Entry Name Circadian entrainment - Loxodonta africana (African savanna elephant)
Description Circadian entrainment is a fundamental property by which the period of the internal biological clock is entrained by recurring exogenous signals, such that the organism's endocrine and behavioral rhythms are synchronized to environmental cues. In mammals, a master clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus and may synchronize circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues. Light signal is the dominant synchronizer for master SCN clock. Downstream from the retina, glutamate and PACAP are released and trigger the activation of signal transduction cascades, including CamKII and nNOS activity, cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Of non-photic entrainment, important phase shifting capabilities have been found for melatonin, which inhibits light-induced phase shifts through inhibition of adenylate cyclase (AC). Multiple entrainment pathways converge into CREB regulation. In turn, phosphorylated CREB activates clock gene expression.
Class Organismal Systems; Environmental adaptationBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Ortholog table Other DBs Organism Loxodonta africana (African savanna elephant) [GN:
lav ]
Gene 100660738 GRIN2B; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B [KO:K05210 ]
100656237 GRIN2C; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C [KO:K05211 ]
100653538 GRIN2D; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D [KO:K05212 ]
100653927 CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
100663321 CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X2 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
100675162 CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870 ]
100665028 ITPR1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 [KO:K04958 ]
100659666 ITPR3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960 ]
100674634 carboxyl-terminal PDZ ligand of neuronal nitric oxide synthase protein isoform X2 [KO:K16513 ]
100666344 GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630 ]
100670234 GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630 ]
100667957 GNAI3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(k) subunit alpha [KO:K04630 ]
100658419 GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha [KO:K04534 ]
100673391 GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536 ]
100677127 GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537 ]
100674807 GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 [KO:K07825 ]
100669106 GNB4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 [KO:K04538 ]
100674665 GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 isoform X1 [KO:K04539 ]
100668996 GNG2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 isoform X2 [KO:K07826 ]
100676083 GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540 ]
100664179 GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541 ]
100656403 GNG5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542 ]
100655407 GNG7; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543 ]
100662559 GNG10; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545 ]
111749727 GNG11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546 ]
111751488 GNG14; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: putative guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-14 [KO:K04347 ]
111750996 GNG12; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347 ]
100675882 GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 [KO:K04547 ]
111749728 GNGT1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548 ]
111751775 GNGT2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 [KO:K04549 ]
100666554 CACNA1G; voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G isoform X1 [KO:K04854 ]
100675598 CACNA1H; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H [KO:K04855 ]
100660332 CACNA1I; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I [KO:K04856 ]
100662363 ADCYAP1; pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide [KO:K05262 ]
100677150 ADCYAP1R1; pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type I receptor isoform X2 [KO:K04587 ]
100655206 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04632 ]
100659992 CACNA1D; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D [KO:K04851 ]
100656672 GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04634 ]
100670617 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X3 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
100672435 PLCB1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
100668575 PLCB2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
100663829 PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
100668323 KCNJ3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 [KO:K04997 ]
100655762 KCNJ5; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 4 [KO:K04999 ]
100676455 KCNJ6; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K05000 ]
Compound Reference Authors Brown TM, Piggins HD
Title Electrophysiology of the suprachiasmatic circadian clock.
Journal Reference Authors Dickson L, Finlayson K
Title VPAC and PAC receptors: From ligands to function.
Journal Reference Authors Golombek DA, Rosenstein RE
Title Physiology of circadian entrainment.
Journal Reference Authors Dubocovich ML, Markowska M
Title Functional MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors in mammals.
Journal Reference Authors Dubocovich ML, Delagrange P, Krause DN, Sugden D, Cardinali DP, Olcese J
Title International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXV. Nomenclature, classification, and pharmacology of G protein-coupled melatonin receptors.
Journal Reference Authors Hardeland R
Title Melatonin: signaling mechanisms of a pleiotropic agent.
Journal Reference Authors Golombek DA, Ferreyra GA, Agostino PV, Murad AD, Rubio MF, Pizzio GA, Katz ME, Marpegan L, Bekinschtein TA
Title From light to genes: moving the hands of the circadian clock.
Journal Reference Authors Mertens I, Husson SJ, Janssen T, Lindemans M, Schoofs L
Title PACAP and PDF signaling in the regulation of mammalian and insect circadian rhythms.
Journal Reference Authors Kim DY, Choi HJ, Kim JS, Kim YS, Jeong DU, Shin HC, Kim MJ, Han HC, Hong SK, Kim YI
Title Voltage-gated calcium channels play crucial roles in the glutamate-induced phase shifts of the rat suprachiasmatic circadian clock.
Journal Reference Authors Agostino PV, Ferreyra GA, Murad AD, Watanabe Y, Golombek DA
Title Diurnal, circadian and photic regulation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the hamster suprachiasmatic nuclei.
Journal Reference Authors Ferreyra GA, Golombek DA
Title Rhythmicity of the cGMP-related signal transduction pathway in the mammalian circadian system.
Journal Reference Authors Butcher GQ, Lee B, Cheng HY, Obrietan K
Title Light stimulates MSK1 activation in the suprachiasmatic nucleus via a PACAP-ERK/MAP kinase-dependent mechanism.
Journal Reference Authors Hamada T, Niki T, Ziging P, Sugiyama T, Watanabe S, Mikoshiba K, Ishida N
Title Differential expression patterns of inositol trisphosphate receptor types 1 and 3 in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Journal Reference Authors Diaz-Munoz M, Dent MA, Granados-Fuentes D, Hall AC, Hernandez-Cruz A, Harrington ME, Aguilar-Roblero R
Title Circadian modulation of the ryanodine receptor type 2 in the SCN of rodents.
Journal Reference Authors Fang M, Jaffrey SR, Sawa A, Ye K, Luo X, Snyder SH
Title Dexras1: a G protein specifically coupled to neuronal nitric oxide synthase via CAPON.
Journal Reference Authors Takahashi H, Umeda N, Tsutsumi Y, Fukumura R, Ohkaze H, Sujino M, van der Horst G, Yasui A, Inouye ST, Fujimori A, Ohhata T, Araki R, Abe M
Title Mouse dexamethasone-induced RAS protein 1 gene is expressed in a circadian rhythmic manner in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Journal Reference Authors Cheng HY, Dziema H, Papp J, Mathur DP, Koletar M, Ralph MR, Penninger JM, Obrietan K
Title The molecular gatekeeper Dexras1 sculpts the photic responsiveness of the mammalian circadian clock.
Journal Related KO pathway LinkDB All DBs
