Entry Name Thyroid hormone synthesis - Pteropus vampyrus (large flying fox)
Description Thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) are essential for normal development, growth and metabolic homeostasis in all vertebrates, and synthesized in the thyroid gland. The functional unit of the thyroid gland is the follicle, delimited by a monolayer of thyrocytes. Polarized thyrocytes surround the follicular lumen; with their basal and apical surfaces facing the bloodstream and the lumen, respectively. To synthesize thyroid hormones, thyrocytes take up iodide at their basal side and concentrate it into the lumen. They also secrete in this lumen the specialized protein thyroglobulin (TG) which serves as a store for the hormones. In the follicular lumen oxidation of iodine, iodination of tyrosines (MIT, 3-monoiodotyrosine; DIT, 3,5-diiodotyrosine) and coupling of iodotyrosines takes place on tyrosine residues in TG, resulting in T3 and T4 synthesis. Iodinated TG is resorbed through the apical membrane and degraded to form T3/T4 in lysosomes; the T3/T4 is then secreted through the basal membrane.
Class Organismal Systems; Endocrine systemBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Other DBs Organism Pteropus vampyrus (large flying fox) [GN:
pvp ]
Gene 105290070 CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
105290195 ATF2; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2 [KO:K04450 ]
105290354 ATP1B3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3 [KO:K01540 ]
105291225 ATP1B2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2 [KO:K01540 ]
105291624 CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048 ]
105292033 LRP2; low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 [KO:K06233 ]
105296460 CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 [KO:K09048 ]
105297876 TTF2; transcription termination factor 2 [KO:K15173 ] [EC:5.6.2.-]
105298070 ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374 ]
105298404 CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870 ]
105298737 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
105305286 ATF6B; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 beta isoform X1 [KO:K09049 ]
105306466 CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
105306745 CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 [KO:K09048 ]
105308975 ATP1B1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1 [KO:K01540 ]
Compound C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference Authors Ahad F, Ganie SA
Title Iodine, Iodine metabolism and Iodine deficiency disorders revisited.
Journal Indian J Endocrinol Metab 14:13-7 (2010)
Reference Authors Gillam MP, Kopp P
Title Genetic defects in thyroid hormone synthesis.
Journal Reference Authors Rokita SE, Adler JM, McTamney PM, Watson JA Jr
Title Efficient use and recycling of the micronutrient iodide in mammals.
Journal Reference Authors Massart C, Hoste C, Virion A, Ruf J, Dumont JE, Van Sande J
Title Cell biology of H2O2 generation in the thyroid: investigation of the control of dual oxidases (DUOX) activity in intact ex vivo thyroid tissue and cell lines.
Journal Reference Authors Bizhanova A, Kopp P
Title Minireview: The sodium-iodide symporter NIS and pendrin in iodide homeostasis of the thyroid.
Journal Reference Authors Fong P
Title Thyroid iodide efflux: a team effort?
Journal Reference Authors Song Y, Driessens N, Costa M, De Deken X, Detours V, Corvilain B, Maenhaut C, Miot F, Van Sande J, Many MC, Dumont JE
Title Roles of hydrogen peroxide in thyroid physiology and disease.
Journal Reference Authors Kohn LD, Suzuki K, Nakazato M, Royaux I, Green ED
Title Effects of thyroglobulin and pendrin on iodide flux through the thyrocyte.
Journal Reference Authors Marino M, McCluskey RT
Title Role of thyroglobulin endocytic pathways in the control of thyroid hormone release.
Journal Reference Authors Rivolta CM, Targovnik HM
Title Molecular advances in thyroglobulin disorders.
Journal Reference Authors De La Vieja A, Dohan O, Levy O, Carrasco N
Title Molecular analysis of the sodium/iodide symporter: impact on thyroid and extrathyroid pathophysiology.
Journal Reference Authors Ohye H, Sugawara M
Title Dual oxidase, hydrogen peroxide and thyroid diseases.
Journal Reference Authors Targovnik HM, Esperante SA, Rivolta CM
Title Genetics and phenomics of hypothyroidism and goiter due to thyroglobulin mutations.
Journal Reference Authors Grasberger H
Title Defects of thyroidal hydrogen peroxide generation in congenital hypothyroidism.
Journal Reference Authors Arvan P, Kim PS, Kuliawat R, Prabakaran D, Muresan Z, Yoo SE, Abu Hossain S
Title Intracellular protein transport to the thyrocyte plasma membrane: potential implications for thyroid physiology.
Journal Reference Authors Vono-Toniolo J, Kopp P
Title Thyroglobulin gene mutations and other genetic defects associated with congenital hypothyroidism.
Journal Reference Authors Vitale G, Salvioli S, Franceschi C
Title Oxidative stress and the ageing endocrine system.
Journal Reference Authors Calebiro D, Nikolaev VO, Lohse MJ
Title Imaging of persistent cAMP signaling by internalized G protein-coupled receptors.
Journal Reference Authors Newman CM, Price A, Davies DW, Gray TA, Weetman AP
Title Amiodarone and the thyroid: a practical guide to the management of thyroid dysfunction induced by amiodarone therapy.
Journal Related KO pathway
