KEGG   PATHWAY: gvr04724
Entry
gvr04724                    Pathway                                
Name
Glutamatergic synapse - Galeopterus variegatus (Sunda flying lemur)
Description
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system(CNS). Glutamate is packaged into synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal. Once released into the synaptic cleft, glutamate acts on postsynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) to mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission. Glutamate can also act on metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and exert a variety of modulatory effects through their coupling to G proteins and the subsequent recruitment of second messenger systems. Presynaptically localized Group II and Group III mGluRs are thought to represent the classical inhibitory autoreceptor mechanism that suppresses excess glutamate release. After its action on these receptors, glutamate can be removed from the synaptic cleft by EAATs located either on the presynaptic terminal, neighboring glial cells, or the postsynaptic neuron. In glia, glutamate is converted to glutamine, which is then transported back to the presynaptic terminal and converted back to glutamate.
Class
Organismal Systems; Nervous system
Pathway map
gvr04724  Glutamatergic synapse
gvr04724

Other DBs
GO: 0051966
Organism
Galeopterus variegatus (Sunda flying lemur) [GN:gvr]
Gene
103583204  [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103583388  [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103584963  SLC38A2; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 [KO:K14207]
103584964  SLC38A1; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 1 [KO:K14990]
103585135  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
103585560  GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(k) subunit alpha [KO:K04630]
103586112  GRIK5; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5 [KO:K05205]
103586228  PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103586339  HOMER2; homer protein homolog 2 [KO:K15010]
103586407  GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K07825]
103586779  GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 [KO:K04538]
103586792  GRM2; metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 [KO:K04605]
103587098  GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634]
103587451  KCNJ3; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04997]
103587773  GRIN2D; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D [KO:K05212]
103588076  GLS; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial [KO:K01425] [EC:3.5.1.2]
103588331  GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630]
103588418  PLD2; phospholipase D2 [KO:K01115] [EC:3.1.4.4]
103588545  [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103588664  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103588774  GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 [KO:K04547]
103588815  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase type 3 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103588826  [KO:K26472]
103588863  ADCY6; adenylate cyclase type 6 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103589458  GRM8; metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04610]
103589588  GNGT1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 isoform X1 [KO:K04548]
103589593  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
103589599  GNG11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546]
103589782  SLC1A2; excitatory amino acid transporter 2 [KO:K05613]
103589973  ADRBK1; beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 [KO:K00910] [EC:2.7.11.15]
103590144  ADCY4; adenylate cyclase type 4 isoform X1 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103590387  GRIN2A; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A [KO:K05209]
103590454  GRM7; metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 [KO:K04609]
103590780  SLC1A3; excitatory amino acid transporter 1 [KO:K05614]
103590972  GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04534]
103591088  GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540]
103591114  PPP3CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K04348] [EC:3.1.3.16]
103591300  [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103591322  SHANK3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 3 [KO:K15009]
103591384  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase type 9 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103591442  DLG4; disks large homolog 4 isoform X1 [KO:K11828]
103591653  HOMER1; homer protein homolog 1 [KO:K15010]
103591872  ADCY8; adenylate cyclase type 8 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103591966  GRIA3; glutamate receptor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05199]
103592192  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103592255  [KO:K04603]
103592420  GRIN2B; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B [KO:K05210]
103592574  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103592610  SLC17A7; vesicular glutamate transporter 1 [KO:K12302]
103592672  GLS2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: glutaminase liver isoform, mitochondrial [KO:K01425] [EC:3.5.1.2]
103592688  [KO:K01425] [EC:3.5.1.2]
103592768  PLA2G4A; cytosolic phospholipase A2 [KO:K16342] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103592984  GNG8; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 isoform X1 [KO:K04544]
103593099  SHANK1; SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 1 [KO:K15009]
103593496  GRIN1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05208]
103593713  GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04630]
103593714  SLC38A3; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 3 [KO:K13576]
103594947  ADCY7; adenylate cyclase type 7 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103595029  CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C [KO:K04850]
103595819  CACNA1A; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A [KO:K04344]
103596084  SLC17A8; vesicular glutamate transporter 3 [KO:K12302]
103596232  SLC1A7; excitatory amino acid transporter 5 isoform X1 [KO:K05618]
103596484  PLCB1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103596521  HOMER3; homer protein homolog 3 [KO:K15010]
103596930  GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537]
103596985  SHANK2; SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 2 [KO:K15009]
103597698  [KO:K04960]
103597918  ADCY2; adenylate cyclase type 2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103598106  PPP3CC; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348] [EC:3.1.3.16]
103598210  PPP3CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348] [EC:3.1.3.16]
103598357  [KO:K05201]
103598637  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 [KO:K04958]
103598873  TRPC1; short transient receptor potential channel 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04964]
103598954  GRIK4; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4 [KO:K05204]
103599416  GRM4; metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 [KO:K04607]
103599611  ADCY1; adenylate cyclase type 1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103599669  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103599704  ADRBK2; beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2 [KO:K00910] [EC:2.7.11.15]
103599715  GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536]
103599847  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103600324  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103600566  GRM5; metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 [KO:K04604]
103600995  NCDN; neurochondrin isoform X1 [KO:K27819]
103601441  GLUL; glutamine synthetase isoform X1 [KO:K01915] [EC:6.3.1.2]
103601724  GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 [KO:K04539]
103601826  [KO:K01915] [EC:6.3.1.2]
103602798  GRIA1; glutamate receptor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05197]
103602980  PLA2G4F; cytosolic phospholipase A2 zeta [KO:K16342] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103603004  PLA2G4B; cytosolic phospholipase A2 beta [KO:K16342] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103603077  [KO:K04851]
103603245  PLA2G4D; cytosolic phospholipase A2 delta [KO:K16342] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103603252  PLA2G4E; cytosolic phospholipase A2 epsilon [KO:K16342] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103603494  GRIN3B; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B [KO:K05214]
103603698  GRIN2C; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C [KO:K05211]
103604172  GRM6; metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 [KO:K04608]
103604521  PPP3R2; calcineurin subunit B type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K06268]
103604523  GRIN3A; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A [KO:K05213]
103604624  [KO:K05202]
103604666  GRIK3; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3 [KO:K05203]
103604717  GRM3; metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 [KO:K04606]
103606169  SLC17A6; vesicular glutamate transporter 2 [KO:K12302]
103606234  [KO:K05200]
103606378  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103606746  GRIA2; glutamate receptor 2 [KO:K05198]
103606814  SLC1A6; excitatory amino acid transporter 4 isoform X1 [KO:K05617]
103608049  SLC1A1; excitatory amino acid transporter 3 [KO:K05612]
103608810  GNAS; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms XLas isoform X1 [KO:K04632]
103608866  [KO:K04632]
103609225  [KO:K01115] [EC:3.1.4.4]
Compound
C00025  L-Glutamate
C00064  L-Glutamine
C00076  Calcium cation
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00238  Potassium cation
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01330  Sodium cation
Reference
PMID:20055706
  Authors
Niswender CM, Conn PJ
  Title
Metabotropic glutamate receptors: physiology, pharmacology, and disease.
  Journal
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 50:295-322 (2010)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.011008.145533
Reference
PMID:19112153
  Authors
Ferraguti F, Crepaldi L, Nicoletti F
  Title
Metabotropic glutamate 1 receptor: current concepts and perspectives.
  Journal
Pharmacol Rev 60:536-81 (2008)
DOI:10.1124/pr.108.000166
Reference
PMID:11672421
  Authors
Hermans E, Challiss RA
  Title
Structural, signalling and regulatory properties of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptors: prototypic family C G-protein-coupled receptors.
  Journal
Biochem J 359:465-84 (2001)
DOI:10.1042/bj3590465
Reference
PMID:17663464
  Authors
Kim CH, Lee J, Lee JY, Roche KW
  Title
Metabotropic glutamate receptors: phosphorylation and receptor signaling.
  Journal
J Neurosci Res 86:1-10 (2008)
DOI:10.1002/jnr.21437
Reference
PMID:14684436
  Authors
Meador-Woodruff JH, Clinton SM, Beneyto M, McCullumsmith RE
  Title
Molecular abnormalities of the glutamate synapse in the thalamus in schizophrenia.
  Journal
Ann N Y Acad Sci 1003:75-93 (2003)
DOI:10.1196/annals.1300.005
Reference
PMID:18425072
  Authors
Sanacora G, Zarate CA, Krystal JH, Manji HK
  Title
Targeting the glutamatergic system to develop novel, improved therapeutics for mood disorders.
  Journal
Nat Rev Drug Discov 7:426-37 (2008)
DOI:10.1038/nrd2462
Reference
PMID:17706608
  Authors
Gass JT, Olive MF
  Title
Glutamatergic substrates of drug addiction and alcoholism.
  Journal
Biochem Pharmacol 75:218-65 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.039
Reference
PMID:9665875
  Authors
Palmada M, Centelles JJ
  Title
Excitatory amino acid neurotransmission. Pathways for metabolism, storage and reuptake of glutamate in brain.
  Journal
Front Biosci 3:d701-18 (1998)
DOI:10.2741/a314
Reference
PMID:11561058
  Authors
Schoepp DD
  Title
Unveiling the functions of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors in the central nervous system.
  Journal
J Pharmacol Exp Ther 299:12-20 (2001)
Reference
PMID:19559598
  Authors
de Jong AP, Verhage M
  Title
Presynaptic signal transduction pathways that modulate synaptic transmission.
  Journal
Curr Opin Neurobiol 19:245-53 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.conb.2009.06.005
Reference
PMID:18464791
  Authors
Pinheiro PS, Mulle C
  Title
Presynaptic glutamate receptors: physiological functions and mechanisms of action.
  Journal
Nat Rev Neurosci 9:423-36 (2008)
DOI:10.1038/nrn2379
Reference
PMID:19110202
  Authors
Byrnes KR, Loane DJ, Faden AI
  Title
Metabotropic glutamate receptors as targets for multipotential treatment of neurological disorders.
  Journal
Neurotherapeutics 6:94-107 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.nurt.2008.10.038
Reference
PMID:10481192
  Authors
Conti F, Weinberg RJ
  Title
Shaping excitation at glutamatergic synapses.
  Journal
Trends Neurosci 22:451-8 (1999)
DOI:10.1016/S0166-2236(99)01445-9
Reference
PMID:12399578
  Authors
Sheng M, Kim MJ
  Title
Postsynaptic signaling and plasticity mechanisms.
  Journal
Science 298:776-80 (2002)
DOI:10.1126/science.1075333
Related
pathway
gvr00020  Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)
gvr04020  Calcium signaling pathway
gvr04720  Long-term potentiation
gvr04721  Synaptic vesicle cycle
gvr04730  Long-term depression
KO pathway
ko04724   

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