KEGG PATHWAY: hmg04140

KEGG

PATHWAY: hmg04140

Entry

hmg04140                    Pathway

Name

Autophagy - animal - Hydra vulgaris (swiftwater hydra)

Description

Autophagy (or macroautophagy) is a cellular catabolic pathway involving in protein degradation, organelle turnover, and non-selective breakdown of cytoplasmic components, which is evolutionarily conserved among eukaryotes and exquisitely regulated. This progress initiates with production of the autophagosome, a double-membrane intracellular structure of reticular origin that engulfs cytoplasmic contents and ultimately fuses with lysosomes for cargo degradation. Autophagy is regulated in response to extra- or intracellular stress and signals such as starvation, growth factor deprivation and ER stress. Constitutive level of autophagy plays an important role in cellular homeostasis and maintains quality control of essential cellular components.

Class

Cellular Processes; Transport and catabolism

Pathway map

Autophagy - animal

Other DBs

GO:

Organism

Hydra vulgaris (swiftwater hydra) [GN:hmg]

Gene

putative insulin-like peptide receptor precursor [KO:K05087] [EC:2.7.10.1]

phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]

3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 [KO:K06276] [EC:2.7.11.1]

RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]

phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and protein-tyrosine-phosphatase PTEN2B-like isoform X1 [KO:K01110] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67]

phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN-like [KO:K01110] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67]

phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN [KO:K01110] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67]

ras-like protein RAS1 [KO:K07827]

GTPase NRas [KO:K07827]

ras-like protein 1 [KO:K07827]

ras-like protein RAS2 [KO:K07830]

GTP-binding protein Di-Ras1-like [KO:K07830]

dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]

mitogen-activated protein kinase 1-like [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]

hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha isoform X1 [KO:K08268]

tuberin isoform X1 [KO:K07207]

hamartin-like [KO:K07206]

GTP-binding protein Rheb [KO:K07208]

regulatory-associated protein of mTOR [KO:K07204]

DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein [KO:K20402]

serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]

uncharacterized protein LOC100206382 [KO:K16184]

target of rapamycin complex subunit lst8-like [KO:K08266]

ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]

immunoglobulin-binding protein 1 [KO:K17606]

serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]

serine/threonine-protein kinase unc-51 [KO:K08269] [EC:2.7.11.1]

autophagy-related protein 13 homolog [KO:K08331]

autophagy-related protein 101-like [KO:K19730]

RB1-inducible coiled-coil protein 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K17589]

autophagy-related protein 2 homolog B isoform X1 [KO:K17906]

WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 [KO:K17908]

LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 3 [KO:K22991]

autophagy-related protein 9A [KO:K17907]

transcription factor SPT20 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K21245]

ras-related protein Rab-8A [KO:K07901]

ras-related protein RABE1a isoform X2 [KO:K07901]

ras-related protein Rab-39B [KO:K07925]

sequestosome-1 [KO:K14381]

serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1-like [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]

ras-related protein ORAB-1 [KO:K07874]

GTP-binding protein ypt1-like [KO:K07874]

ras-related protein Rab-18A [KO:K07874]

ras-related protein Rab-1D [KO:K07874]

ras-related protein ORAB-1-like [KO:K07874]

ras-related GTP-binding protein A [KO:K16185]

ras-related GTP-binding protein C [KO:K16186]

serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 [KO:K07298] [EC:2.7.11.1]

5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-2 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.31]

cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]

stress-activated protein kinase JNK-like [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]

bcl-2-like protein 1-like [KO:K04570]

beclin-1 [KO:K08334]

nuclear receptor-binding factor 2 [KO:K21246]

phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 4-like [KO:K08333] [EC:2.7.11.1]

phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K00914] [EC:2.7.1.137]

beclin 1-associated autophagy-related key regulator [KO:K17889]

activating molecule in BECN1-regulated autophagy protein 1B [KO:K17985]

tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein 2 [KO:K21247]

vacuole membrane protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K21248]

syntaxin-17 [KO:K08491]

UV radiation resistance-associated protein isoform X1 [KO:K21249]

run domain Beclin-1-interacting and cysteine-rich domain-containing protein [KO:K19330]

calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K07359] [EC:2.7.11.17]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7-like isoform X1 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]

mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]

serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]

inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958]

death-associated protein kinase 1 [KO:K08803] [EC:2.7.11.1]

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]

eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2 isoform X1 [KO:K16196] [EC:2.7.11.1]

eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2-like isoform X1 [KO:K16196] [EC:2.7.11.1]

eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1-like [KO:K03237]

myotubularin-related protein 3 [KO:K18082] [EC:3.1.3.48 3.1.3.64 3.1.3.95]

zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 1 [KO:K17603]

autophagy protein 12-like [KO:K08336]

autophagy protein 5 [KO:K08339]

ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7 isoform X1 [KO:K08337]

ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG10 isoform X1 [KO:K17888]

ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG3 [KO:K08343]

putative Ras-related protein Rab-33 [KO:K07920]

gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein [KO:K08341]

gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 2 [KO:K08341]

microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3C [KO:K10435]

microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3A [KO:K10435]

cysteine protease atg4da isoform X1 [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]

cysteine protease ATG4A [KO:K08342] [EC:3.4.22.-]

protein PF3D7_1417600 [KO:K17987]

WD repeat and FYVE domain-containing protein 3 [KO:K22262]

ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 [KO:K02927]

ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]

polyubiquitin-B [KO:K08770]

synaptosomal-associated protein 29-like [KO:K08509]

synaptobrevin homolog YKT6-like isoform X1 [KO:K08516]

solute carrier family 17 member 9 isoform X1 [KO:K08488]

ectopic P granules protein 5 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K23883]

uncharacterized protein LOC100213973 [KO:K23282]

vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 11 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K20179]

vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 18 homolog [KO:K20181]

vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 33A [KO:K20182]

vam6/Vps39-like protein [KO:K20183]

vam6/Vps39-like protein isoform X3 [KO:K20183]

vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 41 homolog [KO:K20184]

Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 2 [KO:K26797]

ras-related protein Rab-7a [KO:K07897]

lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 [KO:K06528]

lysosomal aspartic protease [KO:K01379] [EC:3.4.23.5]

procathepsin L-like [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]

procathepsin L-like [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]

cathepsin L1-like precursor [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]

procathepsin L isoform X2 [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]

procathepsin L [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]

procathepsin L [KO:K01365] [EC:3.4.22.15]

cathepsin B [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]

cathepsin B [KO:K01363] [EC:3.4.22.1]

Compound

GDP

GTP

Phosphatidylethanolamine

1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol

1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate

Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate

Reference

Authors

Meijer AJ, Codogno P.

Title

Regulation and role of autophagy in mammalian cells.

Journal

Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2445-62 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.02.002

Reference

Authors

Deretic V.

Title

Autophagy in innate and adaptive immunity.

Journal

Trends Immunol 26:523-8 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2005.08.003

Reference

Authors

Levine B, Yuan J.

Title

Autophagy in cell death: an innocent convict?

Journal

J Clin Invest 115:2679-88 (2005)
DOI:10.1172/JCI26390

Reference

Authors

Tanida I, Ueno T, Kominami E.

Title

LC3 conjugation system in mammalian autophagy.

Journal

Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2503-18 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.05.009

Reference

Authors

Lum JJ, DeBerardinis RJ, Thompson CB.

Title

Autophagy in metazoans: cell survival in the land of plenty.

Journal

Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:439-48 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nrm1660

Reference

Authors

Reggiori F, Klionsky DJ.

Title

Autophagosomes: biogenesis from scratch?

Journal

Curr Opin Cell Biol 17:415-22 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2005.06.007

Reference

Authors

Klionsky DJ, Emr SD.

Title

Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation.

Journal

Science 290:1717-21 (2000)
DOI:10.1126/science.290.5497.1717

Reference

Authors

Bechet D, Tassa A, Taillandier D, Combaret L, Attaix D.

Title

Lysosomal proteolysis in skeletal muscle.

Journal

Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:2098-114 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2005.02.029

Reference

Authors

He C, Klionsky DJ

Title

Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy.

Journal

Annu Rev Genet 43:67-93 (2009)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-genet-102808-114910

Reference

Authors

Yang Z, Klionsky DJ

Title

An overview of the molecular mechanism of autophagy.

Journal

Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 335:1-32 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-00302-8_1

Reference

Authors

Yang Z, Klionsky DJ

Title

Mammalian autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation.

Journal

Curr Opin Cell Biol 22:124-31 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2009.11.014

Reference

Authors

Chen Y, Klionsky DJ

Title

The regulation of autophagy - unanswered questions.

Journal

J Cell Sci 124:161-70 (2011)
DOI:10.1242/jcs.064576

Reference

Authors

Mizushima N, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y

Title

The role of Atg proteins in autophagosome formation.

Journal

Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 27:107-32 (2011)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154005

Reference

Authors

Russell RC, Yuan HX, Guan KL

Title

Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling.

Journal

Cell Res 24:42-57 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/cr.2013.166

Reference

Authors

Noda NN, Fujioka Y

Title

Atg1 family kinases in autophagy initiation.

Journal

Cell Mol Life Sci 72:3083-96 (2015)
DOI:10.1007/s00018-015-1917-z

Related
pathway

Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum

Lysosome

mTOR signaling pathway

KO pathway

LinkDB

DBGET integrated database retrieval system