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Entry Name Sulfur metabolism
Description Sulfur is an essential element for life and the metabolism of organic sulfur compounds plays an important role in the global sulfur cycle. Sulfur occurs in various oxidation states ranging from +6 in sulfate to -2 in sulfide (H2S). Sulfate reduction can occur in both an energy consuming assimilatory pathway and an energy producing dissimilatory pathway. The assimilatory pathway, which is found in a wide range of organisms, produces reduced sulfur compounds for the biosynthesis of S-containing amino acids and does not lead to direct excretion of sulfide. In the dissimilatory pathway, which is restricted to obligatory anaerobic bacterial and archaeal lineages, sulfate (or sulfur) is the terminal electron acceptor of the respiratory chain producing large quantities of inorganic sulfide. Both pathways start from the activation of sulfate by reaction with ATP to form adenylyl sulfate (APS). In the assimilatory pathway [MD:
M00176 ] APS is converted to 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate (PAPS) and then reduced to sulfite, and sulfite is further reduced to sulfide by the assimilatory sulfite reductase. In the dissimilatory pathway [MD:
M00596 ] APS is directly reduced to sulfite, and sulfite is further reduced to sulfide by the dissimilatory sulfite reductase. The capacity for oxidation of sulfur is quite widespread among bacteria and archaea, comprising phototrophs and chemolithoautotrophs. The SOX (sulfur-oxidation) system [MD:
M00595 ] is a well-known sulfur oxidation pathway and is found in both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Green sulfur bacteria and purple sulfur bacteria carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis with reduced sulfur compounds such as sulfide and elemental sulfur, as well as thiosulfate (in some species with the SOX system), as the electron donor for photoautotrophic growth. In some chemolithoautotrophic sulfur oxidizers (such as Thiobacillus denitrificans), it has been suggested that dissimilatory sulfur reduction enzymes operate in the reverse direction, forming a sulfur oxidation pathway from sulfite to APS and then to sulfate.
Class Metabolism; Energy metabolismBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Module M00176 Assimilatory sulfate reduction, sulfate => H2S [PATH:ko00920 ]
M00595 Sulfur oxidation, SOX system, thiosulfate => sulfate [PATH:ko00920 ]
M00596 Dissimilatory sulfate reduction, sulfate => H2S [PATH:ko00920 ]
M00984 Sulfur oxidation, tetrathionate intermediate (S4I) pathway, thiosulfate => sulfur + sulfate + thiosulfate [PATH:ko00920 ]
M00987 Assimilatory sulfate reduction, plants, sulfate => H2S [PATH:ko00920 ]
M00990 Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) degradation, demethylation pathway, DMSP => methanethiol [PATH:ko00920 ]
M00991 Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) degradation, cleavage pathway, DMSP => acetyl-CoA [PATH:ko00920 ]
M00992 Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) degradation, cleavage pathway, DMSP => acrylate => acetyl-CoA [PATH:ko00920 ]
M00993 Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) degradation, cleavage pathway, DMSP => propionyl-CoA [PATH:ko00920 ]
Other DBs Orthology K00184 dmsB; dimethyl sulfoxide reductase iron-sulfur subunit
K00185 dmsC; dimethyl sulfoxide reductase membrane subunit
K00380 cysJ; sulfite reductase (NADPH) flavoprotein alpha-component [EC:1.8.1.2 ]
K00381 cysI; sulfite reductase (NADPH) hemoprotein beta-component [EC:1.8.1.2 ]
K00385 asrC; anaerobic sulfite reductase subunit C
K00386 sorB; sulfite dehydrogenase (cytochrome) subunit B
K01082 cysQ, MET22, BPNT1; 3'(2'), 5'-bisphosphate nucleotidase [EC:3.1.3.7 ]
K02045 cysA; sulfate/thiosulfate transport system ATP-binding protein [EC:7.3.2.3 ]
K02046 cysU; sulfate/thiosulfate transport system permease protein
K02047 cysW; sulfate/thiosulfate transport system permease protein
K02048 cysP; sulfate/thiosulfate transport system substrate-binding protein
K05301 sorA; sulfite dehydrogenase (cytochrome) subunit A [EC:1.8.2.1 ]
K05907 APR; adenylyl-sulfate reductase (glutathione) [EC:1.8.4.9 ]
K05908 doxDA; thiosulfate dehydrogenase (quinone)
K07306 dmsA; anaerobic dimethyl sulfoxide reductase subunit A [EC:1.8.5.3 ]
K07307 dmsB; anaerobic dimethyl sulfoxide reductase subunit B
K07308 dmsC; anaerobic dimethyl sulfoxide reductase subunit C
K08352 phsA, psrA; thiosulfate reductase / polysulfide reductase chain A [EC:1.8.5.5 ]
K08353 phsB; thiosulfate reductase electron transport protein
K08354 phsC; thiosulfate reductase cytochrome b subunit
K08357 ttrA; tetrathionate reductase subunit A
K08358 ttrB; tetrathionate reductase subunit B
K08359 ttrC; tetrathionate reductase subunit C
K10764 metZ; O-succinylhomoserine sulfhydrylase [EC:2.5.1.-]
K10831 tauB; taurine transport system ATP-binding protein [EC:7.6.2.7 ]
K11180 dsrA; dissimilatory sulfite reductase alpha subunit [EC:1.8.1.22 ]
K11181 dsrB; dissimilatory sulfite reductase beta subunit [EC:1.8.1.22 ]
K15422 SAL; 3'(2'), 5'-bisphosphate nucleotidase / inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase [EC:3.1.3.7 3.1.3.57 ]
K15551 tauA; taurine transport system substrate-binding protein
K15552 tauC; taurine transport system permease protein
K15553 ssuA; sulfonate transport system substrate-binding protein
K15554 ssuC; sulfonate transport system permease protein
K15555 ssuB; sulfonate transport system ATP-binding protein [EC:7.6.2.14 ]
K15759 IMPAD1, IMPA3; Golgi-resident PAP phosphatase [EC:3.1.3.7 ]
K15762 tmoC, tbuB, touC; toluene monooxygenase system ferredoxin subunit
K15765 tmoF, tbuC, touF; toluene monooxygenase electron transfer component [EC:1.18.1.3 ]
K16936 doxA; thiosulfate dehydrogenase (quinone) small subunit [EC:1.8.5.2 ]
K16937 doxD; thiosulfate dehydrogenase (quinone) large subunit [EC:1.8.5.2 ]
K16950 asrA; anaerobic sulfite reductase subunit A
K16951 asrB; anaerobic sulfite reductase subunit B
K16955 mtsB; methylated-thiol--corrinoid protein
K16964 ddhA; dimethylsulfide dehydrogenase subunit alpha [EC:1.8.2.4 ]
K16965 ddhB; dimethylsulfide dehydrogenase subunit beta
K16966 ddhC; dimethylsulfide dehydrogenase subunit gamma
K17219 sreA; sulfur reductase molybdopterin subunit
K17220 sreB; sulfur reductase FeS subunit
K17221 sreC; sulfur reductase membrane anchor
K17225 soxC; sulfane dehydrogenase subunit SoxC
K17226 soxY; sulfur-oxidizing protein SoxY
K17227 soxZ; sulfur-oxidizing protein SoxZ
K17229 fccB; sulfide dehydrogenase [flavocytochrome c] flavoprotein chain [EC:1.8.2.3 ]
K17230 fccA; cytochrome subunit of sulfide dehydrogenase
K17995 hydG; sulfhydrogenase subunit gamma (sulfur reductase) [EC:1.12.98.4 ]
K17996 hydB; sulfhydrogenase subunit beta (sulfur reductase) [EC:1.12.98.4 ]
K18367 CoADR; CoA-dependent NAD(P)H sulfur oxidoreductase [EC:1.8.1.18 ]
K21307 soeA; sulfite dehydrogenase (quinone) subunit SoeA [EC:1.8.5.6 ]
K21308 soeB; sulfite dehydrogenase (quinone) subunit SoeB
K21309 soeC; sulfite dehydrogenase (quinone) subunit SoeC
K22470 SQOR; eukaryotic sulfide quinone oxidoreductase [EC:1.8.5.8 ]
K22622 soxD; S-disulfanyl-L-cysteine oxidoreductase SoxD [EC:1.8.2.6 ]
K22966 HINT4; sulfate adenylyltransferase (ADP) / adenylylsulfatase
K23163 sbp; sulfate/thiosulfate transport system substrate-binding protein
K23304 cysE; serine O-acetyltransferase
K24666 dsyB; 2-hydroxy-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoate S-methyltransferase
K27187 dsrM; [DsrC]-trisulfide reductase subunit M
K27188 dsrK; [DsrC]-trisulfide reductase subunit K
K27189 dsrJ; [DsrC]-trisulfide reductase subunit J
K27190 dsrO; [DsrC]-trisulfide reductase subunit O
K27191 dsrP; [DsrC]-trisulfide reductase subunit P
K27196 dsrL; dissimilatory sulfite reductase flavoprotein subunit
K27925 tetH; tetrathionate hydrolase
K28064 mmtN; methionine S-methyltransferase
K28065 dsyGD; MTHB methyltransferase / DMSHB decarboxylase
K28066 DSYE; DMSHB decarboxylase
K28067 dddP; dimethylpropiothetin dethiomethylase
K28068 dddW; dimethylpropiothetin dethiomethylase
K28069 dddY; dimethylpropiothetin dethiomethylase
K28483 ardA; acrylate reductase flavoprotein subunit
K28484 ardB; acrylate reductase cytochrome subunit
Compound C00053 3'-Phosphoadenylyl sulfate
C00054 Adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate
C01118 O-Succinyl-L-homoserine
C01180 4-Methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid
C03920 2-(Methylthio)ethanesulfonate
C04022 S,S-Dimethyl-beta-propiothetin
C08276 3-(Methylthio)propanoate
C20870 3-(Methylthio)propanoyl-CoA
C20955 3-(Methylthio)acryloyl-CoA
C22315 (2R)-2-Hydroxy-4-(methylsulfanyl)butanoate
C22316 (2R)-4-(Dimethylsulfaniumyl)-2-hydroxybutanoate
C23001 3-Aminopropyl(dimethyl)sulfanium
C23002 3-Dimethylsulfoniopropionaldehyde
Reference Authors Grein F, Ramos AR, Venceslau SS, Pereira IA
Title Unifying concepts in anaerobic respiration: Insights from dissimilatory sulfur metabolism.
Journal Reference Authors Fauque GD, Barton LL
Title Hemoproteins in dissimilatory sulfate- and sulfur-reducing prokaryotes.
Journal Reference Authors Sakurai H, Ogawa T, Shiga M, Inoue K
Title Inorganic sulfur oxidizing system in green sulfur bacteria.
Journal Reference Authors Falkenby LG, Szymanska M, Holkenbrink C, Habicht KS, Andersen JS, Miller M, Frigaard NU
Title Quantitative proteomics of Chlorobaculum tepidum: insights into the sulfur metabolism of a phototrophic green sulfur bacterium.
Journal Reference Authors Gregersen LH, Bryant DA, Frigaard NU
Title Mechanisms and evolution of oxidative sulfur metabolism in green sulfur bacteria.
Journal Reference Authors Beller HR, Chain PS, Letain TE, Chakicherla A, Larimer FW, Richardson PM, Coleman MA, Wood AP, Kelly DP.
Title The genome sequence of the obligately chemolithoautotrophic, facultatively anaerobic bacterium Thiobacillus denitrificans.
Journal Reference Authors Pott AS, Dahl C
Title Sirohaem sulfite reductase and other proteins encoded by genes at the dsr locus of Chromatium vinosum are involved in the oxidation of intracellular sulfur.
Journal Reference Authors Frigaard NU, Dahl C
Title Sulfur metabolism in phototrophic sulfur bacteria.
Journal Related ko00260 Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism
ko00270 Cysteine and methionine metabolism
ko00720 Other carbon fixation pathways
