Entry Name Viral myocarditis - Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey)
Description Myocarditis is a cardiac disease associated with inflammation and injury of the myocardium. It results from various etiologies, both noninfectious and infectious, but coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is still considered the dominant etiological agent. Myocarditis may be caused by direct cytopathic effects of virus, a pathologic immune response to persistent virus, or autoimmunity triggered by the viral infection. The virus enters the myocyte through internalization of the coxsackie-adenoviral receptor (CAR) and its coreceptor, decay-accelerating factor (DAF). Viral proteases cleave various proteins in the host cell. One example is viral protease 2A, which cleaves eukaryote initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) and the dystrophin protein, resulting in a complete shutdown of cap-dependent RNA translation and cytoskeletal destruction in infected cardiomyocytes, respectively. CVB3 also cleaves the member of the Bcl-2 family Bid, leading to apoptosis. CVB3 infection also induces the cleavage of cyclin D protein through a proteasome-dependent pathway, leading to the host cell-growth arrest. Viral infection and necrosis of myocytes may lead to the release of intracellular antigens, resulting in activation of self-reactive T cells. CVB infection is a significant cause of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) as well as myocarditis. Epidemiologically, myocarditis underlies a significant portion of patients with DCM.
Class Human Diseases; Cardiovascular diseaseBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Disease Organism Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) [GN:
mcc ]
Gene 100187576 MAMU-AG; major histocompatibility complex, class I, AG precursor [KO:K06751 ]
100187587 MAMU-DRA; mamu class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain precursor [KO:K06752 ]
100428228 MAMU-DRB5; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: MHC class II antigen, Mamu-DRB5 [KO:K06752 ]
100429857 MAMU-DMB; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DM beta precursor [KO:K06752 ]
692100 MAMU-DRB1; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 precursor [KO:K06752 ]
696709 RAC2; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2 [KO:K07860 ]
699243 MAMU-A3; major histocompatibility complex, class I, A isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
704923 EIF4G1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1 isoform X1 [KO:K03260 ]
705313 CD28; T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28 precursor [KO:K06470 ]
705510 EIF4G2; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 2 [KO:K03260 ]
707749 CD40; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5 precursor [KO:K03160 ]
709076 MAMU-F; mamu class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain F precursor [KO:K06751 ]
711532 MAMU-E; major histocompatibility complex, class I, E precursor [KO:K06751 ]
711832 MAMU-A; major histocompatibility complex, class I, A isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
712280 ICAM1; intercellular adhesion molecule 1 precursor [KO:K06490 ]
714370 CD55; complement decay-accelerating factor isoform X2 [KO:K04006 ]
714390 CD86; T-lymphocyte activation antigen CD86 precursor [KO:K05413 ]
715394 LAMA2; laminin subunit alpha-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05637 ]
716409 CXADR; coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor isoform X1 [KO:K06788 ]
716823 MAMU-DQB1; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 1 precursor [KO:K06752 ]
717555 EIF4G3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 3 isoform X6 [KO:K03260 ]
717702 MAMU-DOB; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DO beta precursor [KO:K06752 ]
717755 RAC1; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04392 ]
717870 MAMU-DMA; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DM alpha precursor [KO:K06752 ]
717947 MAMU-DOA; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DO alpha precursor [KO:K06752 ]
717969 MAMU-DPB; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DP beta [KO:K06752 ]
717992 MAMU-DPA; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DP alpha [KO:K06752 ]
719305 RAC3; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3 isoform X1 [KO:K07861 ]
720582 MAMU-DQA1; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ alpha 1 precursor [KO:K06752 ]
722472 LAMA1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: laminin subunit alpha-1 [KO:K05637 ]
732518 CD80; T-lymphocyte activation antigen CD80 precursor [KO:K05412 ]
Reference Authors Esfandiarei M, McManus BM
Title Molecular biology and pathogenesis of viral myocarditis.
Journal Reference Authors Badorff C, Knowlton KU
Title Dystrophin disruption in enterovirus-induced myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: from bench to bedside.
Journal Reference Authors Maekawa Y, Ouzounian M, Opavsky MA, Liu PP
Title Connecting the missing link between dilated cardiomyopathy and viral myocarditis: virus, cytoskeleton, and innate immunity.
Journal Reference Authors Pankuweit S, Portig I, Maisch B
Title Pathophysiology of cardiac inflammation: molecular mechanisms.
Journal Reference Authors Gao G, Luo H
Title The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in viral infections.
Journal Reference Authors Coyne CB, Bergelson JM
Title Virus-induced Abl and Fyn kinase signals permit coxsackievirus entry through epithelial tight junctions.
Journal Reference Authors Badorff C, Lee GH, Knowlton KU
Title Enteroviral cardiomyopathy: bad news for the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex.
Journal Reference Authors Knowlton KU
Title CVB infection and mechanisms of viral cardiomyopathy.
Journal Reference Authors Castellano G, Affuso F, Di Conza P, Fazio S
Title Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: possible connections and treatments.
Journal Reference Authors Cooper LT Jr
Title Myocarditis.
Journal Reference Authors Kawai C
Title From myocarditis to cardiomyopathy: mechanisms of inflammation and cell death: learning from the past for the future.
Journal Reference Authors Liu PP, Mason JW
Title Advances in the understanding of myocarditis.
Journal Reference Authors Mason JW
Title Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: an inflammatory link.
Journal Reference Authors Tam PE
Title Coxsackievirus myocarditis: interplay between virus and host in the pathogenesis of heart disease.
Journal Related mcc04612 Antigen processing and presentation
mcc04660 T cell receptor signaling pathway
KO pathway
