Entry Name Dilated cardiomyopathy - Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey)
Description Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a heart muscle disease characterised by dilation and impaired contraction of the left or both ventricles that results in progressive heart failure and sudden cardiac death from ventricular arrhythmia. Genetically inherited forms of DCM ("familial" DCM) have been identified in 25-35% of patients presenting with this disease, and the inherited gene defects are an important cause of "familial" DCM. The pathophysiology may be separated into two categories: defects in force generation and defects in force transmission. In cases where an underlying pathology cannot be identified, the patient is diagnosed with an "idiopathic" DCM. Current hypotheses regarding causes of "idiopathic" DCM focus on myocarditis induced by enterovirus and subsequent autoimmune myocardium impairments. Antibodies to the beta1-adrenergic receptor (beta1AR), which are detected in a substantial number of patients with "idiopathic" DCM, may increase the concentration of intracellular cAMP and intracellular Ca2+, a condition often leading to a transient hyper-performance of the heart followed by depressed heart function and heart failure.
Class Human Diseases; Cardiovascular diseaseBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Disease Organism Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) [GN:
mcc ]
Gene 106992315 TGFB1; transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein isoform X2 [KO:K13375 ]
106994852 CACNG8; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-8 subunit [KO:K04873 ]
574193 SLC8A1; sodium/calcium exchanger 1 precursor [KO:K05849 ]
693356 CACNA2D3; voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K04860 ]
693924 CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851 ]
695172 CACNB4; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-4 [KO:K04865 ]
695864 CACNB1; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-1 isoform X2 [KO:K04862 ]
696294 CACNG2; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit [KO:K04867 ]
697047 TNNC1; troponin C, slow skeletal and cardiac muscles [KO:K05865 ]
698444 IGF1; insulin-like growth factor I precursor [KO:K05459 ]
698470 TNNI3; troponin I, cardiac muscle isoform X2 [KO:K12044 ]
701226 CACNB2; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-2 [KO:K04863 ]
701324 CACNG3; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-3 subunit [KO:K04868 ]
702429 CACNA2D2; voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2 isoform X7 [KO:K04859 ]
703239 TGFB3; transforming growth factor beta-3 precursor [KO:K13377 ]
705236 TPM1; tropomyosin alpha-1 chain isoform X8 [KO:K10373 ]
707540 TGFB2; transforming growth factor beta-2 precursor [KO:K13376 ]
707768 ATP2A3; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 3 isoform X3 [KO:K05853 ] [EC:7.2.2.10 ]
708058 ATP2A1; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05853 ] [EC:7.2.2.10 ]
708091 CACNB3; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-3 [KO:K04864 ]
708215 CACNA2D1; voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04858 ]
708706 CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S [KO:K04857 ]
710702 ATP2A2; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 isoform X3 [KO:K05853 ] [EC:7.2.2.10 ]
711937 MYL2; myosin regulatory light chain 2, ventricular/cardiac muscle isoform [KO:K10351 ]
712093 MYBPC3; myosin-binding protein C, cardiac-type isoform X1 [KO:K12568 ]
713061 SLC8A3; sodium/calcium exchanger 3 isoform X2 [KO:K05849 ]
715394 LAMA2; laminin subunit alpha-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05637 ]
715787 CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F [KO:K04853 ]
718243 SLC8A2; sodium/calcium exchanger 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05849 ]
718465 CACNG5; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-5 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K04870 ]
718540 CACNG4; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-4 subunit isoform X2 [KO:K04869 ]
718591 CACNG1; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-1 subunit [KO:K04866 ]
718632 PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04345 ] [EC:2.7.11.11 ]
719428 TPM4; tropomyosin alpha-4 chain isoform X1 [KO:K10375 ]
720271 CACNG7; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-7 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K04872 ]
720548 CACNG6; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-6 subunit [KO:K04871 ]
721703 CACNA2D4; voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-4 [KO:K04861 ]
721721 CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X13 [KO:K04850 ]
722472 LAMA1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: laminin subunit alpha-1 [KO:K05637 ]
Compound Reference Authors Fatkin D, Graham RM
Title Molecular mechanisms of inherited cardiomyopathies.
Journal Reference Authors Lappe JM, Pelfrey CM, Tang WH
Title Recent insights into the role of autoimmunity in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
Journal Reference Authors Zhao P, Sharma AC, Ren J
Title Pathogenesis and therapy of autoimmunity-induced dilated cardiomyopathy.
Journal Reference Authors Franz WM, Muller OJ, Katus HA
Title Cardiomyopathies: from genetics to the prospect of treatment.
Journal Reference Authors Towbin JA, Bowles NE
Title The failing heart.
Journal Reference Authors Luk A, Ahn E, Soor GS, Butany J
Title Dilated cardiomyopathy: a review.
Journal Reference Authors Yoshikawa T, Baba A, Nagatomo Y
Title Autoimmune mechanisms underlying dilated cardiomyopathy.
Journal Reference Authors Mason JW
Title Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: an inflammatory link.
Journal Reference Authors Jahns R, Boivin V, Hein L, Triebel S, Angermann CE, Ertl G, Lohse MJ
Title Direct evidence for a beta 1-adrenergic receptor-directed autoimmune attack as a cause of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
Journal Reference Authors Liu PP, Mason JW
Title Advances in the understanding of myocarditis.
Journal Reference Authors Tam PE
Title Coxsackievirus myocarditis: interplay between virus and host in the pathogenesis of heart disease.
Journal Related KO pathway
