Entry Name Viral myocarditis - Callithrix jacchus (white-tufted-ear marmoset)
Description Myocarditis is a cardiac disease associated with inflammation and injury of the myocardium. It results from various etiologies, both noninfectious and infectious, but coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is still considered the dominant etiological agent. Myocarditis may be caused by direct cytopathic effects of virus, a pathologic immune response to persistent virus, or autoimmunity triggered by the viral infection. The virus enters the myocyte through internalization of the coxsackie-adenoviral receptor (CAR) and its coreceptor, decay-accelerating factor (DAF). Viral proteases cleave various proteins in the host cell. One example is viral protease 2A, which cleaves eukaryote initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) and the dystrophin protein, resulting in a complete shutdown of cap-dependent RNA translation and cytoskeletal destruction in infected cardiomyocytes, respectively. CVB3 also cleaves the member of the Bcl-2 family Bid, leading to apoptosis. CVB3 infection also induces the cleavage of cyclin D protein through a proteasome-dependent pathway, leading to the host cell-growth arrest. Viral infection and necrosis of myocytes may lead to the release of intracellular antigens, resulting in activation of self-reactive T cells. CVB infection is a significant cause of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) as well as myocarditis. Epidemiologically, myocarditis underlies a significant portion of patients with DCM.
Class Human Diseases; Cardiovascular diseaseBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Ortholog table Organism Callithrix jacchus (white-tufted-ear marmoset) [GN:
cjc ]
Gene 100400263 CXADR; coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor isoform X1 [KO:K06788 ]
100396134 CD55; complement decay-accelerating factor isoform X3 [KO:K04006 ]
100404109 RAC1; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04392 ]
100895294 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1-like [KO:K04392 ]
100400756 RAC3; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3 isoform X1 [KO:K07861 ]
100390541 EIF4G2; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 2 [KO:K03260 ]
100391519 EIF4G1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1 isoform X2 [KO:K03260 ]
100399688 EIF4G3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 3 isoform X1 [KO:K03260 ]
100385800 CD40; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5 precursor [KO:K03160 ]
100386155 CAJA-DRB1; HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DRB1-13 beta chain-like precursor [KO:K06752 ]
100397732 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR beta 5 chain [KO:K06752 ]
100386865 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ beta 1 chain [KO:K06752 ]
100387227 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ alpha 2 chain [KO:K06752 ]
100405222 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ beta 2 chain isoform X1 [KO:K06752 ]
100411388 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ alpha 1 chain [KO:K06752 ]
100412691 CAJA-DMB; HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DM beta chain isoform X1 [KO:K06752 ]
100408132 CAJA-DOA; HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DO alpha chain [KO:K06752 ]
100408503 CAJA-DPB1; HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP beta 1 chain isoform X3 [KO:K06752 ]
100407771 CAJA-DMA; HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DM alpha chain [KO:K06752 ]
100413648 CAJA-DPA1; HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP alpha 1 chain [KO:K06752 ]
100385427 CAJA-DRA; HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain precursor [KO:K06752 ]
128931734 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DO beta chain isoform X1 [KO:K06752 ]
100406240 saoe class I histocompatibility antigen, A alpha chain isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
100398361 patr class I histocompatibility antigen, CH28 alpha chain isoform X3 [KO:K06751 ]
100405128 patr class I histocompatibility antigen, A-126 alpha chain isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
100399078 patr class I histocompatibility antigen, A-126 alpha chain isoform X3 [KO:K06751 ]
100411069 patr class I histocompatibility antigen, A-126 alpha chain isoform X6 [KO:K06751 ]
100388209 patr class I histocompatibility antigen, A-126 alpha chain isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
100387811 CAJA-E; patr class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain E precursor [KO:K06751 ]
118151094 saoe class I histocompatibility antigen, A alpha chain [KO:K06751 ]
100408536 CD28; T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28 precursor [KO:K06470 ]
Reference Authors Esfandiarei M, McManus BM
Title Molecular biology and pathogenesis of viral myocarditis.
Journal Reference Authors Badorff C, Knowlton KU
Title Dystrophin disruption in enterovirus-induced myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: from bench to bedside.
Journal Reference Authors Maekawa Y, Ouzounian M, Opavsky MA, Liu PP
Title Connecting the missing link between dilated cardiomyopathy and viral myocarditis: virus, cytoskeleton, and innate immunity.
Journal Reference Authors Pankuweit S, Portig I, Maisch B
Title Pathophysiology of cardiac inflammation: molecular mechanisms.
Journal Reference Authors Gao G, Luo H
Title The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in viral infections.
Journal Reference Authors Coyne CB, Bergelson JM
Title Virus-induced Abl and Fyn kinase signals permit coxsackievirus entry through epithelial tight junctions.
Journal Reference Authors Badorff C, Lee GH, Knowlton KU
Title Enteroviral cardiomyopathy: bad news for the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex.
Journal Reference Authors Knowlton KU
Title CVB infection and mechanisms of viral cardiomyopathy.
Journal Reference Authors Castellano G, Affuso F, Di Conza P, Fazio S
Title Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: possible connections and treatments.
Journal Reference Authors Cooper LT Jr
Title Myocarditis.
Journal Reference Authors Kawai C
Title From myocarditis to cardiomyopathy: mechanisms of inflammation and cell death: learning from the past for the future.
Journal Reference Authors Liu PP, Mason JW
Title Advances in the understanding of myocarditis.
Journal Reference Authors Mason JW
Title Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: an inflammatory link.
Journal Reference Authors Tam PE
Title Coxsackievirus myocarditis: interplay between virus and host in the pathogenesis of heart disease.
Journal Related cjc04612 Antigen processing and presentation
cjc04660 T cell receptor signaling pathway
KO pathway LinkDB All DBs
