KEGG   PATHWAY: mna05416
Entry
mna05416                    Pathway                                
Name
Viral myocarditis - Miniopterus natalensis (Natal long-fingered bat)
Description
Myocarditis is a cardiac disease associated with inflammation and injury of the myocardium. It results from various etiologies, both noninfectious and infectious, but coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is still considered the dominant etiological agent. Myocarditis may be caused by direct cytopathic effects of virus, a pathologic immune response to persistent virus, or autoimmunity triggered by the viral infection. The virus enters the myocyte through internalization of the coxsackie-adenoviral receptor (CAR) and its coreceptor, decay-accelerating factor (DAF). Viral proteases cleave various proteins in the host cell. One example is viral protease 2A, which cleaves eukaryote initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) and the dystrophin protein, resulting in a complete shutdown of cap-dependent RNA translation and cytoskeletal destruction in infected cardiomyocytes, respectively. CVB3 also cleaves the member of the Bcl-2 family Bid, leading to apoptosis. CVB3 infection also induces the cleavage of cyclin D protein through a proteasome-dependent pathway, leading to the host cell-growth arrest. Viral infection and necrosis of myocytes may lead to the release of intracellular antigens, resulting in activation of self-reactive T cells. CVB infection is a significant cause of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) as well as myocarditis. Epidemiologically, myocarditis underlies a significant portion of patients with DCM.
Class
Human Diseases; Cardiovascular disease
Pathway map
mna05416  Viral myocarditis
mna05416

Disease
H00295  Viral myocarditis
Organism
Miniopterus natalensis (Natal long-fingered bat) [GN:mna]
Gene
107524162  DTNA; dystrobrevin alpha isoform X1 [KO:K26998]
107524646  ABL1; tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 isoform X1 [KO:K06619] [EC:2.7.10.2]
107524832  CD28; T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28 [KO:K06470]
107525256  SSPN; sarcospan isoform X1 [KO:K22194]
107525813  [KO:K06751]
107526074  PRF1; perforin-1 [KO:K07818]
107526943  SGCG; gamma-sarcoglycan [KO:K12564]
107527336  CD80; T-lymphocyte activation antigen CD80 [KO:K05412]
107527343  CD86; T-lymphocyte activation antigen CD86 [KO:K05413]
107527801  SNTA1; alpha-1-syntrophin [KO:K24063]
107527863  SNTB2; beta-2-syntrophin [KO:K24064]
107528441  [KO:K06751]
107528483  NOS1; nitric oxide synthase, brain [KO:K13240] [EC:1.14.13.39]
107528537  CAV1; caveolin-1 [KO:K06278]
107529453  DAG1; dystroglycan [KO:K06265]
107530873  CD40; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5 isoform X1 [KO:K03160]
107530937  LAMA2; laminin subunit alpha-2 [KO:K05637]
107531051  ABL2; Abelson tyrosine-protein kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K08887] [EC:2.7.10.2]
107531542  CASP9; caspase-9 [KO:K04399] [EC:3.4.22.62]
107531658  [KO:K17751]
107531708  MYH6; myosin-6 isoform X1 [KO:K17751]
107532296  EIF4G2; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 2 isoform X1 [KO:K03260]
107532587  SGCB; beta-sarcoglycan [KO:K12566]
107533127  SNTB1; beta-1-syntrophin [KO:K24064]
107533212  [KO:K08738]
107533247  ICAM1; intercellular adhesion molecule 1 [KO:K06490]
107533931  CASP8; caspase-8 [KO:K04398] [EC:3.4.22.61]
107534043  SGCZ; zeta-sarcoglycan [KO:K27062]
107534781  CAV3; caveolin-3 [KO:K12959]
107535740  CASP3; caspase-3 [KO:K02187] [EC:3.4.22.56]
107535878  LAMA1; laminin subunit alpha-1 [KO:K05637]
107536419  [KO:K06752]
107536673  [KO:K08738]
107537434  CCND1; G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 [KO:K04503]
107537584  SGCD; delta-sarcoglycan [KO:K12563]
107537599  RAC1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 [KO:K04392]
107537600  ACTB; actin, cytoplasmic 1 [KO:K05692]
107537702  BID; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: BH3-interacting domain death agonist [KO:K04726]
107538374  EIF4G3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 3 isoform X1 [KO:K03260]
107538488  [KO:K06751]
107538961  [KO:K06751]
107539040  RAC3; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3 [KO:K07861]
107539076  ACTG1; actin, cytoplasmic 2 [KO:K05692]
107539161  SGCA; alpha-sarcoglycan [KO:K12565]
107539933  CD40LG; CD40 ligand [KO:K03161]
107540285  [KO:K08738]
107540684  FYN; tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn isoform X1 [KO:K05703] [EC:2.7.10.2]
107541697  SGCE; epsilon-sarcoglycan isoform X1 [KO:K27061]
107541988  ITGAL; integrin alpha-L [KO:K05718]
107542667  [KO:K06752]
107542672  [KO:K06752]
107542674  [KO:K06752]
107543120  EIF4G1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1 isoform X1 [KO:K03260]
107543131  CD55; complement decay-accelerating factor [KO:K04006]
107543669  ITGB2; integrin beta-2 [KO:K06464]
107544122  [KO:K06752]
107544706  CXADR; coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor isoform X1 [KO:K06788]
107545091  [KO:K06752]
107545092  [KO:K06752]
107545174  [KO:K06752]
107545262  RAC2; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2 [KO:K07860]
107546126  [KO:K06751]
107546127  [KO:K06751]
Reference
  Authors
Esfandiarei M, McManus BM
  Title
Molecular biology and pathogenesis of viral myocarditis.
  Journal
Annu Rev Pathol 3:127-55 (2008)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.151534
Reference
  Authors
Badorff C, Knowlton KU
  Title
Dystrophin disruption in enterovirus-induced myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: from bench to bedside.
  Journal
Med Microbiol Immunol 193:121-6 (2004)
DOI:10.1007/s00430-003-0189-7
Reference
  Authors
Maekawa Y, Ouzounian M, Opavsky MA, Liu PP
  Title
Connecting the missing link between dilated cardiomyopathy and viral myocarditis: virus, cytoskeleton, and innate immunity.
  Journal
Circulation 115:5-8 (2007)
DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.670554
Reference
  Authors
Pankuweit S, Portig I, Maisch B
  Title
Pathophysiology of cardiac inflammation: molecular mechanisms.
  Journal
Herz 27:669-76 (2002)
DOI:10.1007/s00059-002-2421-4
Reference
  Authors
Gao G, Luo H
  Title
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in viral infections.
  Journal
Can J Physiol Pharmacol 84:5-14 (2006)
DOI:10.1139/y05-144
Reference
  Authors
Coyne CB, Bergelson JM
  Title
Virus-induced Abl and Fyn kinase signals permit coxsackievirus entry through epithelial tight junctions.
  Journal
Cell 124:119-31 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2005.10.035
Reference
  Authors
Badorff C, Lee GH, Knowlton KU
  Title
Enteroviral cardiomyopathy: bad news for the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex.
  Journal
Herz 25:227-32 (2000)
DOI:10.1007/s000590050011
Reference
  Authors
Knowlton KU
  Title
CVB infection and mechanisms of viral cardiomyopathy.
  Journal
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 323:315-35 (2008)
DOI:10.1007/978-3-540-75546-3_15
Reference
  Authors
Castellano G, Affuso F, Di Conza P, Fazio S
  Title
Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: possible connections and treatments.
  Journal
J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 9:666-71 (2008)
DOI:10.2459/JCM.0b013e3282f3e9c2
Reference
  Authors
Cooper LT Jr
  Title
Myocarditis.
  Journal
N Engl J Med 360:1526-38 (2009)
DOI:10.1056/NEJMra0800028
Reference
  Authors
Kawai C
  Title
From myocarditis to cardiomyopathy: mechanisms of inflammation and cell death: learning from the past for the future.
  Journal
Circulation 99:1091-100 (1999)
DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.99.8.1091
Reference
  Authors
Liu PP, Mason JW
  Title
Advances in the understanding of myocarditis.
  Journal
Circulation 104:1076-82 (2001)
DOI:10.1161/hc3401.095198
Reference
  Authors
Mason JW
  Title
Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: an inflammatory link.
  Journal
Cardiovasc Res 60:5-10 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S0008-6363(03)00437-1
Reference
  Authors
Tam PE
  Title
Coxsackievirus myocarditis: interplay between virus and host in the pathogenesis of heart disease.
  Journal
Viral Immunol 19:133-46 (2006)
DOI:10.1089/vim.2006.19.133
Related
pathway
mna03050  Proteasome
mna04110  Cell cycle
mna04210  Apoptosis
mna04260  Cardiac muscle contraction
mna04512  ECM-receptor interaction
mna04612  Antigen processing and presentation
mna04660  T cell receptor signaling pathway
mna05414  Dilated cardiomyopathy
KO pathway
ko05416   

DBGET integrated database retrieval system