Entry Name Peptidoglycan biosynthesis
Description Peptidoglycan is a macromolecule made of long aminosugar strands cross-linked by short peptides. It forms the cell wall in bacteria surrounding the cytoplasmic membrane. The glycan strands are typically comprised of repeating N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) disaccharides. Each MurNAc is linked to a peptide of three to five amino acid residues. Disaccharide subunits are first assembled on the cytoplasmic side of the bacterial membrane on a polyisoprenoid anchor (lipid I and II). Polymerization of disaccharide subunits by transglycosylases and cross-linking of glycan strands by transpeptidases occur on the other side of the membrane. Bacterial cell wall biosynthesis inhibitors form a major class of antibiotics.
Class Metabolism; Glycan biosynthesis and metabolismBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Drug D00128 Bacitracin (JP18/USP/INN)
D00240 Aztreonam (JP18/USP/INN)
D00260 Cefotetan (JP18/USP/INN)
D00466 Piperacillin sodium (JP18/USP)
D00497 Penicillin V potassium (USP)
D00877 Cycloserine (JP18/USP/INN)
D00905 Cefazolin sodium (JP18/USP)
D00907 Cephalothin sodium (USP)
D00908 Cephapirin sodium (USP)
D00909 Cefamandole nafate (USP)
D00911 Cefmetazole sodium (JP18/USP)
D00913 Cefoxitin sodium (JAN/USP)
D00914 Cefuroxime axetil (JP18/USP/INN)
D00915 Cefuroxime sodium (JAN/USP)
D00917 Cefdinir (JP18/USP/INN)
D00918 Cefoperazone sodium (JP18/USP)
D00919 Cefotaxime sodium (JP18/USP)
D00920 Cefpodoxime proxetil (JP18/USP)
D00923 Ceftizoxime sodium (JP18/USP)
D00924 Ceftriaxone sodium (USP)
D00925 Fosfomycin tromethamine (USP)
D00926 Vancomycin hydrochloride (JP18/USP)
D00927 Bacampicillin hydrochloride (JP18/USAN)
D00929 Oxacillin sodium (JAN/USP)
D01053 Penicillin G potassium (USP)
D01057 Biapenem (JAN/USAN/INN)
D01157 Cefepime hydrochloride (USP)
D01178 Phenethicillin potassium (JP18)
D01249 Flucloxacillin sodium (JAN)
D01251 Ampicillin hydrate (JP18)
D01262 Cephacetrile sodium (USAN)
D01283 Carbenicillin indanyl sodium (USP)
D01401 Cefpirome sulfate (JP18/USAN)
D01415 Cefotiam hexetil hydrochloride (JP18)
D01489 Sulbenicillin sodium (JP18)
D01499 Pivmecillinam hydrochloride (JP18)
D01560 Carumonam sodium (JP18/USAN)
D01568 Cefpimizole sodium (JAN/USAN)
D01628 Cefditoren pivoxil (JP18/USAN)
D01629 Cefetamet pivoxil hydrochloride (JAN)
D01649 Propicillin potassium (JAN)
D01668 Sultamicillin tosilate hydrate (JP18)
D01680 Cefcapene pivoxil hydrochloride hydrate (JP18)
D01681 Cefovecin sodium (JAN/USAN)
D01682 Ceftiofur sodium (JAN/USAN)
D01686 Cefteram pivoxil (JP18)
D01696 Lenampicillin hydrochloride (JP18)
D01736 Cefbuperazone sodium (JP18)
D01739 Cefmenoxime hydrochloride (JP18/USP)
D01819 Cefotiam hydrochloride (JP18/USP)
D01836 Doripenem hydrate (JP18)
D01839 Faropenem sodium hydrate (JP18)
D01863 Cefodizime sodium (JP18)
D01904 Cefpiramide sodium (JP18/USAN)
D01909 Cefminox sodium hydrate (JP18)
D01961 Cefmatilen hydrochloride hydrate (JAN)
D02005 Cefsulodin sodium (JP18/USAN)
D02119 Ampicillin sodium (JP18/USP)
D02121 Ceftibuten hydrate (JP18)
D02137 Dicloxacillin sodium (USP)
D02157 Penicillin G benzathine (USP)
D02187 Fosfomycin calcium hydrate (JP18)
D02188 Fosfomycin sodium (JP18)
D02190 Carbenicillin disodium (USP)
D02191 Cefamandole sodium (JAN)
D02196 Methicillin sodium (USAN)
D02198 Moxalactam disodium (USAN)
D02199 Carbenicillin phenyl sodium (USAN)
D02201 Talampicillin hydrochloride (JP18/USAN)
D02203 Hetacillin potassium (JAN/USAN)
D02221 Mezlocillin sodium (JAN)
D02226 Cefazolin sodium hydrate (JP18)
D02228 Cefotetan disodium (USP)
D02231 Cloxacillin sodium (USP)
D02232 Cefoselis sulfate (JAN)
D02233 Cefozopran hydrochloride (JP18)
D02241 Ticarcillin disodium (USP)
D02348 Dicloxacillin (USAN/INN)
D02405 Penicillin V benzathine (USP)
D02415 Apalcillin sodium (USAN)
D02461 Penicillin G procaine (USP)
D02504 Aspoxicillin hydrate (JP18)
D02506 Phenoxymethylpenicillin benzathine (JAN)
D02508 Pivampicillin hydrochloride (USAN)
D02711 Propylene glycolate cefatrizine (JP18)
D02925 Amoxicillin sodium (USAN)
D03047 Bacitracin methylenedisalicylate (USP)
D03387 Carbenicillin potassium (USAN)
D03422 Cefazaflur sodium (USAN)
D03423 Cefbuperazone (USAN/INN)
D03426 Cefonicid monosodium (USAN)
D03429 Cefquinome sulfate (USAN)
D03430 Ceftiofur hydrochloride (USAN)
D03431 Cefuroxime pivoxetil (USAN)
D03438 Cephalexin hydrochloride (USP)
D03571 Cloxacillin benzathine (USP)
D04049 Ertapenem sodium (USAN)
D04270 Fumoxicillin (USAN/INN)
D05022 Mezlocillin sodium (USP)
D05026 Cefroxadine hydrate (JP18)
D05271 Oritavancin diphosphate (USAN)
D05406 Penamecillin (USAN/INN)
D05408 Penicillin G sodium (USP)
D05494 Pirbenicillin sodium (USAN)
D05496 Piridicillin sodium (USAN)
D05520 Pivampicillin pamoate (USAN)
D05521 Pivampicillin probenate (USAN)
D05805 Sarmoxicillin (USAN/INN)
D05972 Sultamicillin (USAN/INN)
D05974 Suncillin sodium (USAN)
D06137 Ticarcillin cresyl sodium (USAN)
D06138 Ticarcillin monosodium (USP)
D06144 Tigemonam dicholine (USAN)
D06558 Aztreonam lysine (USAN)
D07484 Azidocillin sodium salt
D07637 Cephapirin benzathine (USP)
D07712 Clemizole penicillin (INN)
D07735 Clometocillin potassium
D07965 Flucloxacillin sodium salt
D08017 Flucloxacillin magnesium
D08329 Penethamate hydriodide (BAN)
D08360 Phenoxymethylpenicillin calcium
D08567 Temocillin disodium salt
D08884 Ceftaroline fosamil (USAN/INN)
D08885 Ceftobiprole (USAN/INN)
D08886 Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium (USAN)
D08919 Faropenem medoxomil (USAN)
D09672 Sulopenem etzadroxil (USAN)
D09788 Enramycin hydrochloride (JAN)
D09793 Ceftizoxime alapivoxil hydrochloride (JAN)
D09849 Ritipenem acoxil hydrate (JAN)
D10098 Ceftolozane sulfate (JAN/USAN)
Orthology K00687 pbp2B, penA; penicillin-binding protein 2B
K00790 murA; UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase [EC:2.5.1.7 ]
K01000 mraY; phospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-pentapeptide-transferase [EC:2.7.8.13 ]
K01798 alr-murF; Alr-MurF fusion protein
K01925 murD; UDP-N-acetylmuramoylalanine--D-glutamate ligase [EC:6.3.2.9 ]
K01928 murE; UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate--2,6-diaminopimelate ligase [EC:6.3.2.13 ]
K01929 murF; UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-tripeptide--D-alanyl-D-alanine ligase [EC:6.3.2.10 ]
K02563 murG; UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--N-acetylmuramyl-(pentapeptide) pyrophosphoryl-undecaprenol N-acetylglucosamine transferase [EC:2.4.1.227 ]
K03587 ftsI; cell division protein FtsI (penicillin-binding protein 3) [EC:3.4.16.4 ]
K03693 pbp1b; penicillin-binding protein 1B
K05362 murE; UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate-L-lysine ligase [EC:6.3.2.7 ]
K05364 pbpA; penicillin-binding protein A
K07009 gatD; lipid II isoglutaminyl synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing) [EC:6.3.5.13 ]
K07258 dacC, dacA, dacD; serine-type D-Ala-D-Ala carboxypeptidase (penicillin-binding protein 5/6) [EC:3.4.16.4 ]
K07259 dacB; serine-type D-Ala-D-Ala carboxypeptidase/endopeptidase (penicillin-binding protein 4) [EC:3.4.16.4 3.4.21.-]
K08384 spoVD; stage V sporulation protein D (sporulation-specific penicillin-binding protein)
K08724 pbpB; penicillin-binding protein 2B
K11693 femX, fmhB; peptidoglycan pentaglycine glycine transferase (the first glycine) [EC:2.3.2.16 ]
K11694 femA; peptidoglycan pentaglycine glycine transferase (the second and third glycine) [EC:2.3.2.17 ]
K11695 femB; peptidoglycan pentaglycine glycine transferase (the fourth and fifth glycine) [EC:2.3.2.18 ]
K12552 pbpA; penicillin-binding protein 1 [EC:3.4.-.-]
K12553 pbp3; penicillin-binding protein 3 [EC:3.4.-.-]
K12554 murN; alanine adding enzyme [EC:2.3.2.-]
K12556 pbp2X; penicillin-binding protein 2X
K18149 pbp5, pbp4, pbp3; penicillin-binding protein
K21465 pbpA; penicillin-binding protein A
K21466 pbpH; penicillin-binding protein H
K23169 murD2; UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine---L-glutamate ligase
K23170 murL; UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramoyl-L-alanyl-L-glutamate epimerase
K23393 murT; lipid II isoglutaminyl synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)
Compound C00043 UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine
C00448 trans,trans-Farnesyl diphosphate
C00692 UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate
C01212 UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine
C04574 di-trans,poly-cis-Undecaprenyl diphosphate
C04631 UDP-N-acetyl-3-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine
C04702 UDPMurNAc(oyl-L-Ala-D-gamma-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)
C04851 MurAc(oyl-L-Ala-D-gamma-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)-diphospho-undecaprenol
C04877 UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-gamma-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimelate
C04882 UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-6-carboxy-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine
C05892 UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-gamma-D-glutamyl-L-lysine
C05893 Undecaprenyl-diphospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-(N-acetylglucosamine)-L-alanyl-gamma-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine
C05894 Undecaprenyl-diphospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-(N-acetylglucosamine)-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine
C05895 Undecaprenyl-diphospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-(N-acetylglucosamine)-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-L-lysyl-(glycyl)5-D-alanyl-D-alanine
C05896 Crosslinked peptidoglycan
C05897 Undecaprenyl-diphospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimeloyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine
C05898 Undecaprenyl-diphospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-(N-acetylglucosamine)-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimeloyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine
C17541 Undecaprenyl-diphospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-(N-acetylglucosamine)-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-L-lysyl-(glycyl)-D-alanyl-D-alanine
C17542 Undecaprenyl-diphospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-(N-acetylglucosamine)-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-L-lysyl-(glycyl)3-D-alanyl-D-alanine
C17549 Undecaprenyl-diphospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-(N-acetylglucosamine)-L-alanyl-gamma-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-(L-alanyl-L-alanyl)-D-alanyl-D-alanine
C17550 Undecaprenyl-diphospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-(N-acetylglucosamine)-L-alanyl-gamma-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-(L-alanyl)-D-alanyl-D-alanine
C17556 di-trans,poly-cis-Undecaprenyl phosphate
C17558 di-trans,poly-cis-Undecaprenol
C22053 UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramoyl-L-alanyl-L-glutamate
Reference Authors Bouhss A, Trunkfield AE, Bugg TD, Mengin-Lecreulx D
Title The biosynthesis of peptidoglycan lipid-linked intermediates.
Journal Reference Authors Lloyd AJ, Gilbey AM, Blewett AM, De Pascale G, El Zoeiby A, Levesque RC, Catherwood AC, Tomasz A, Bugg TD, Roper DI, Dowson CG
Title Characterization of tRNA-dependent peptide bond formation by MurM in the synthesis of Streptococcus pneumoniae peptidoglycan.
Journal Reference Authors Barreteau H, Kovac A, Boniface A, Sova M, Gobec S, Blanot D
Title Cytoplasmic steps of peptidoglycan biosynthesis.
Journal Reference Authors van Heijenoort J
Title Recent advances in the formation of the bacterial peptidoglycan monomer unit.
Journal Reference Authors van Heijenoort J
Title Formation of the glycan chains in the synthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan.
Journal Related ko00520 Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism
ko00900 Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
