Entry Name Viral myocarditis - Bos taurus (cow)
Description Myocarditis is a cardiac disease associated with inflammation and injury of the myocardium. It results from various etiologies, both noninfectious and infectious, but coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is still considered the dominant etiological agent. Myocarditis may be caused by direct cytopathic effects of virus, a pathologic immune response to persistent virus, or autoimmunity triggered by the viral infection. The virus enters the myocyte through internalization of the coxsackie-adenoviral receptor (CAR) and its coreceptor, decay-accelerating factor (DAF). Viral proteases cleave various proteins in the host cell. One example is viral protease 2A, which cleaves eukaryote initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) and the dystrophin protein, resulting in a complete shutdown of cap-dependent RNA translation and cytoskeletal destruction in infected cardiomyocytes, respectively. CVB3 also cleaves the member of the Bcl-2 family Bid, leading to apoptosis. CVB3 infection also induces the cleavage of cyclin D protein through a proteasome-dependent pathway, leading to the host cell-growth arrest. Viral infection and necrosis of myocytes may lead to the release of intracellular antigens, resulting in activation of self-reactive T cells. CVB infection is a significant cause of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) as well as myocarditis. Epidemiologically, myocarditis underlies a significant portion of patients with DCM.
Class Human Diseases; Cardiovascular diseaseBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Ortholog table Organism Bos taurus (cow) [GN:
bta ]
Gene 281733 CXADR; coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor homolog precursor [KO:K06788 ]
518609 CD55; complement decay-accelerating factor [KO:K04006 ]
281440 RAC1; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 [KO:K04392 ]
327671 RAC2; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2 [KO:K07860 ]
619066 RAC3; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3 [KO:K07861 ]
506387 LAMA1; laminin subunit alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05637 ]
286870 EIF4G2; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 2 [KO:K03260 ]
444858 EIF4G1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1 isoform X10 [KO:K03260 ]
534618 EIF4G3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 3 isoform X2 [KO:K03260 ]
510373 BID; BH3-interacting domain death agonist [KO:K04726 ]
286849 CD40; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5 precursor [KO:K03160 ]
282490 BOLA-DMA; HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DM alpha chain precursor [KO:K06752 ]
282491 BOLA-DMB; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DM beta precursor [KO:K06752 ]
282493 BOLA-DOB; HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DO beta chain precursor [KO:K06752 ]
282494 BOLA-DQA5; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ alpha 5 precursor [KO:K06752 ]
282495 BOLA-DQB; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta precursor [KO:K06752 ]
282498 BOLA-DYB; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DY beta precursor [KO:K06752 ]
282535 BOLA-DQA2; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ alpha 2 [KO:K06752 ]
282530 BOLA-DRB3; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DRB3 [KO:K06752 ]
525727 BOLA-DOA; HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DO alpha chain precursor [KO:K06752 ]
506214 BOLA-DRA; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR alpha precursor [KO:K06752 ]
539241 BLA-DQB; boLa class II histocompatibility antigen, DQB*0101 beta chain precursor [KO:K06752 ]
100848815 SLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ haplotype D alpha chain-like precursor [KO:K06752 ]
282497 BOLA-DYA; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DY alpha precursor [KO:K06752 ]
538700 BOLA-DRB2; HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR beta 5 chain isoform X3 [KO:K06752 ]
512672 major histocompatibility complex, class I precursor [KO:K06751 ]
515712 BOLA; MHC class I heavy chain isoform 1 precursor [KO:K06751 ]
767904 MGC126945; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: uncharacterized protein LOC767904 [KO:K06751 ]
507917 BOLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain BL3-6 isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
510417 BOLA-NC1; non-classical MHC class I antigen precursor [KO:K06751 ]
533050 BoLA; major histocompatibility complex, class I, A precursor [KO:K06751 ]
616942 major histocompatibility complex, class I, A-like precursor [KO:K06751 ]
407131 CD80; T-lymphocyte activation antigen CD80 [KO:K05412 ]
414345 CD86; T-lymphocyte activation antigen CD86 [KO:K05413 ]
281050 CD28; T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28 precursor [KO:K06470 ]
281839 ICAM1; intercellular adhesion molecule 1 precursor [KO:K06490 ]
Reference Authors Esfandiarei M, McManus BM
Title Molecular biology and pathogenesis of viral myocarditis.
Journal Reference Authors Badorff C, Knowlton KU
Title Dystrophin disruption in enterovirus-induced myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: from bench to bedside.
Journal Reference Authors Maekawa Y, Ouzounian M, Opavsky MA, Liu PP
Title Connecting the missing link between dilated cardiomyopathy and viral myocarditis: virus, cytoskeleton, and innate immunity.
Journal Reference Authors Pankuweit S, Portig I, Maisch B
Title Pathophysiology of cardiac inflammation: molecular mechanisms.
Journal Reference Authors Gao G, Luo H
Title The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in viral infections.
Journal Reference Authors Coyne CB, Bergelson JM
Title Virus-induced Abl and Fyn kinase signals permit coxsackievirus entry through epithelial tight junctions.
Journal Reference Authors Badorff C, Lee GH, Knowlton KU
Title Enteroviral cardiomyopathy: bad news for the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex.
Journal Reference Authors Knowlton KU
Title CVB infection and mechanisms of viral cardiomyopathy.
Journal Reference Authors Castellano G, Affuso F, Di Conza P, Fazio S
Title Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: possible connections and treatments.
Journal Reference Authors Cooper LT Jr
Title Myocarditis.
Journal Reference Authors Kawai C
Title From myocarditis to cardiomyopathy: mechanisms of inflammation and cell death: learning from the past for the future.
Journal Reference Authors Liu PP, Mason JW
Title Advances in the understanding of myocarditis.
Journal Reference Authors Mason JW
Title Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: an inflammatory link.
Journal Reference Authors Tam PE
Title Coxsackievirus myocarditis: interplay between virus and host in the pathogenesis of heart disease.
Journal Related bta04612 Antigen processing and presentation
bta04660 T cell receptor signaling pathway
KO pathway LinkDB All DBs
