Entry Name Circadian entrainment - Delphinapterus leucas (beluga whale)
Description Circadian entrainment is a fundamental property by which the period of the internal biological clock is entrained by recurring exogenous signals, such that the organism's endocrine and behavioral rhythms are synchronized to environmental cues. In mammals, a master clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus and may synchronize circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues. Light signal is the dominant synchronizer for master SCN clock. Downstream from the retina, glutamate and PACAP are released and trigger the activation of signal transduction cascades, including CamKII and nNOS activity, cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Of non-photic entrainment, important phase shifting capabilities have been found for melatonin, which inhibits light-induced phase shifts through inhibition of adenylate cyclase (AC). Multiple entrainment pathways converge into CREB regulation. In turn, phosphorylated CREB activates clock gene expression.
Class Organismal Systems; Environmental adaptationBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Other DBs Organism Delphinapterus leucas (beluga whale) [GN:
dle ]
Gene 111163884 KCNJ6; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05000 ]
111163963 GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541 ]
111164599 GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630 ]
111165310 GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04534 ]
111165492 KCNJ5; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 4 [KO:K04999 ]
111165617 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
111165653 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
111166302 CACNA1G; voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G isoform X1 [KO:K04854 ]
111166309 GNGT2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 [KO:K04549 ]
111166783 GNG14; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: putative guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-14 [KO:K04347 ]
111167189 KCNJ9; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05002 ]
111167966 MTNR1B; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: melatonin receptor type 1B [KO:K04286 ]
111170918 GNG7; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543 ]
111171769 CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870 ]
111172766 KCNJ3; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04997 ]
111173161 GNG2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 [KO:K07826 ]
111173828 GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04538 ]
111174169 ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
111174277 CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851 ]
111174368 GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630 ]
111174571 GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
111176594 CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C [KO:K04850 ]
111176694 GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K07825 ]
111176991 GRIN1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05208 ]
111177332 GNG10; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545 ]
111177624 GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 isoform X1 [KO:K04539 ]
111178375 GNG5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542 ]
111178437 GNG12; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347 ]
111178692 ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04960 ]
111179957 ADCYAP1R1; pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type I receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04587 ]
111180070 GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha [KO:K04630 ]
111180666 GRIN2D; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D [KO:K05212 ]
111180709 GNG8; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 [KO:K04544 ]
111181049 GNG11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546 ]
111181419 ADCYAP1; pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide isoform X1 [KO:K05262 ]
111181753 PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
111181977 GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537 ]
111182859 GRIN2C; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C isoform X1 [KO:K05211 ]
111183022 GNGT1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548 ]
111183091 CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
111183530 CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
111183856 GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540 ]
111184516 CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
111185128 GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 [KO:K04547 ]
111185133 CACNA1H; voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H isoform X1 [KO:K04855 ]
111186068 CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
111186225 CACNA1I; voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I isoform X1 [KO:K04856 ]
111186741 GNAS; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms XLas isoform X1 [KO:K04632 ]
111187055 GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536 ]
Compound Reference Authors Brown TM, Piggins HD
Title Electrophysiology of the suprachiasmatic circadian clock.
Journal Reference Authors Dickson L, Finlayson K
Title VPAC and PAC receptors: From ligands to function.
Journal Reference Authors Golombek DA, Rosenstein RE
Title Physiology of circadian entrainment.
Journal Reference Authors Dubocovich ML, Markowska M
Title Functional MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors in mammals.
Journal Reference Authors Dubocovich ML, Delagrange P, Krause DN, Sugden D, Cardinali DP, Olcese J
Title International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXV. Nomenclature, classification, and pharmacology of G protein-coupled melatonin receptors.
Journal Reference Authors Hardeland R
Title Melatonin: signaling mechanisms of a pleiotropic agent.
Journal Reference Authors Golombek DA, Ferreyra GA, Agostino PV, Murad AD, Rubio MF, Pizzio GA, Katz ME, Marpegan L, Bekinschtein TA
Title From light to genes: moving the hands of the circadian clock.
Journal Reference Authors Mertens I, Husson SJ, Janssen T, Lindemans M, Schoofs L
Title PACAP and PDF signaling in the regulation of mammalian and insect circadian rhythms.
Journal Reference Authors Kim DY, Choi HJ, Kim JS, Kim YS, Jeong DU, Shin HC, Kim MJ, Han HC, Hong SK, Kim YI
Title Voltage-gated calcium channels play crucial roles in the glutamate-induced phase shifts of the rat suprachiasmatic circadian clock.
Journal Reference Authors Agostino PV, Ferreyra GA, Murad AD, Watanabe Y, Golombek DA
Title Diurnal, circadian and photic regulation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the hamster suprachiasmatic nuclei.
Journal Reference Authors Ferreyra GA, Golombek DA
Title Rhythmicity of the cGMP-related signal transduction pathway in the mammalian circadian system.
Journal Reference Authors Butcher GQ, Lee B, Cheng HY, Obrietan K
Title Light stimulates MSK1 activation in the suprachiasmatic nucleus via a PACAP-ERK/MAP kinase-dependent mechanism.
Journal Reference Authors Hamada T, Niki T, Ziging P, Sugiyama T, Watanabe S, Mikoshiba K, Ishida N
Title Differential expression patterns of inositol trisphosphate receptor types 1 and 3 in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Journal Reference Authors Diaz-Munoz M, Dent MA, Granados-Fuentes D, Hall AC, Hernandez-Cruz A, Harrington ME, Aguilar-Roblero R
Title Circadian modulation of the ryanodine receptor type 2 in the SCN of rodents.
Journal Reference Authors Fang M, Jaffrey SR, Sawa A, Ye K, Luo X, Snyder SH
Title Dexras1: a G protein specifically coupled to neuronal nitric oxide synthase via CAPON.
Journal Reference Authors Takahashi H, Umeda N, Tsutsumi Y, Fukumura R, Ohkaze H, Sujino M, van der Horst G, Yasui A, Inouye ST, Fujimori A, Ohhata T, Araki R, Abe M
Title Mouse dexamethasone-induced RAS protein 1 gene is expressed in a circadian rhythmic manner in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Journal Reference Authors Cheng HY, Dziema H, Papp J, Mathur DP, Koletar M, Ralph MR, Penninger JM, Obrietan K
Title The molecular gatekeeper Dexras1 sculpts the photic responsiveness of the mammalian circadian clock.
Journal Related KO pathway
