KEGG   PATHWAY: mmu05218
Entry
mmu05218                    Pathway                                
Name
Melanoma - Mus musculus (house mouse)
Description
Melanoma is a form of skin cancer that has a poor prognosis and which is on the rise in Western populations. Melanoma arises from the malignant transformation of pigment-producing cells, melanocytes. The only known environmental risk factor is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light and in people with fair skin the risk is greatly increased. Melanoma pathogenesis is also driven by genetic factors. Oncogenic NRAS mutations activate both effector pathways Raf-MEK-ERK and PI3K-Akt. The Raf-MEK-ERK pathway may also be activated via mutations in the BRAF gene. The PI3K-Akt pathway may be activated through loss or mutation of the inhibitory tumor suppressor gene PTEN. These mutations arise early during melanoma pathogenesis and are preserved throughout tumor progression. Melanoma development has been shown to be strongly associated with inactivation of the p16INK4a/cyclin dependent kinases 4 and 6/retinoblastoma protein (p16INK4a/CDK4,6/pRb) and p14ARF/human double minute 2/p53 (p14ARF/HMD2/p53) tumor suppressor pathways. MITF and TP53 are implicated in further melanoma progression.
Class
Human Diseases; Cancer: specific types
Pathway map
mmu05218  Melanoma
mmu05218

Disease
H00038  Melanoma
Organism
Mus musculus (house mouse) [GN:mmu]
Gene
107986  Ddb2; damage specific DNA binding protein 2 [KO:K10140]
109880  Braf; Braf transforming gene [KO:K04365] [EC:2.7.11.1]
110157  Raf1; v-raf-leukemia viral oncogene 1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
11651  Akt1; thymoma viral proto-oncogene 1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
11652  Akt2; thymoma viral proto-oncogene 2 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
11836  Araf; Araf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase [KO:K08845] [EC:2.7.11.1]
12015  Bad; BCL2-associated agonist of cell death [KO:K02158]
12018  Bak1; BCL2-antagonist/killer 1 [KO:K14021]
12028  Bax; BCL2-associated X protein [KO:K02159]
12443  Ccnd1; cyclin D1 [KO:K04503]
12550  Cdh1; cadherin 1 [KO:K05689]
12567  Cdk4; cyclin dependent kinase 4 [KO:K02089] [EC:2.7.11.22]
12571  Cdk6; cyclin dependent kinase 6 [KO:K02091] [EC:2.7.11.22]
12575  Cdkn1a; cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A [KO:K06625]
12578  Cdkn2a; cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A [KO:K06621]
13197  Gadd45a; growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 45 alpha [KO:K04402]
13555  E2f1; E2F transcription factor 1 [KO:K17454]
13557  E2f3; E2F transcription factor 3 [KO:K06620]
13645  Egf; epidermal growth factor [KO:K04357]
13649  Egfr; epidermal growth factor receptor [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
14164  Fgf1; fibroblast growth factor 1 [KO:K18496]
14165  Fgf10; fibroblast growth factor 10 [KO:K04358]
14170  Fgf15; fibroblast growth factor 15 [KO:K22603]
14171  Fgf17; fibroblast growth factor 17 [KO:K04358]
14172  Fgf18; fibroblast growth factor 18 [KO:K04358]
14173  Fgf2; fibroblast growth factor 2 [KO:K18497]
14174  Fgf3; fibroblast growth factor 3 [KO:K04358]
14175  Fgf4; fibroblast growth factor 4 [KO:K04358]
14176  Fgf5; fibroblast growth factor 5 [KO:K04358]
14177  Fgf6; fibroblast growth factor 6 [KO:K04358]
14178  Fgf7; fibroblast growth factor 7 [KO:K04358]
14179  Fgf8; fibroblast growth factor 8 [KO:K04358]
14180  Fgf9; fibroblast growth factor 9 [KO:K04358]
14182  Fgfr1; fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 [KO:K04362] [EC:2.7.10.1]
15234  Hgf; hepatocyte growth factor [KO:K05460]
15461  Hras; Harvey rat sarcoma virus oncogene [KO:K02833]
16000  Igf1; insulin-like growth factor 1 [KO:K05459]
16001  Igf1r; insulin-like growth factor I receptor [KO:K05087] [EC:2.7.10.1]
16653  Kras; Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog [KO:K07827]
17246  Mdm2; transformed mouse 3T3 cell double minute 2 [KO:K06643] [EC:2.3.2.27]
17295  Met; met proto-oncogene [KO:K05099] [EC:2.7.10.1]
17342  Mitf; melanogenesis associated transcription factor [KO:K09455]
17873  Gadd45b; growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 45 beta [KO:K04402]
18176  Nras; neuroblastoma ras oncogene [KO:K07828]
18590  Pdgfa; platelet derived growth factor, alpha [KO:K04359]
18591  Pdgfb; platelet derived growth factor, B polypeptide [KO:K17386]
18595  Pdgfra; platelet derived growth factor receptor, alpha polypeptide [KO:K04363] [EC:2.7.10.1]
18596  Pdgfrb; platelet derived growth factor receptor, beta polypeptide [KO:K05089] [EC:2.7.10.1]
18706  Pik3ca; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
18707  Pik3cd; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
18708  Pik3r1; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 [KO:K02649]
18709  Pik3r2; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 2 [KO:K02649]
18710  Pik3r3; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K02649]
19211  Pten; phosphatase and tensin homolog [KO:K01110] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67]
19645  Rb1; RB transcriptional corepressor 1 [KO:K06618]
22059  Trp53; transformation related protein 53 [KO:K04451]
23797  Akt3; thymoma viral proto-oncogene 3 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
23882  Gadd45g; growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 45 gamma [KO:K04402]
242705  E2f2; E2F transcription factor 2 [KO:K09389]
26395  Map2k1; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
26396  Map2k2; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
26413  Mapk1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
26417  Mapk3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
27015  Polk; polymerase (DNA directed), kappa [KO:K03511] [EC:2.7.7.7]
54635  Pdgfc; platelet-derived growth factor, C polypeptide [KO:K05450]
56636  Fgf21; fibroblast growth factor 21 [KO:K22429]
64654  Fgf23; fibroblast growth factor 23 [KO:K22428]
67112  Fgf22; fibroblast growth factor 22 [KO:K04358]
71785  Pdgfd; platelet-derived growth factor, D polypeptide [KO:K05450]
74769  Pik3cb; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
80857  Fgf20; fibroblast growth factor 20 [KO:K04358]
80903  Fgf16; fibroblast growth factor 16 [KO:K04358]
Compound
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
PMID:16822996
  Authors
Miller AJ, Mihm MC Jr.
  Title
Melanoma.
  Journal
N Engl J Med 355:51-65 (2006)
DOI:10.1056/NEJMra052166
Reference
PMID:12894244
  Authors
Chin L.
  Title
The genetics of malignant melanoma: lessons from mouse and man.
  Journal
Nat Rev Cancer 3:559-70 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/nrc1145
Reference
PMID:16750612
  Authors
Takata M, Saida T.
  Title
Genetic alterations in melanocytic tumors.
  Journal
J Dermatol Sci 43:1-10 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.05.002
Reference
PMID:15841168
  Authors
Chudnovsky Y, Khavari PA, Adams AE.
  Title
Melanoma genetics and the development of rational therapeutics.
  Journal
J Clin Invest 115:813-24 (2005)
DOI:10.1172/JCI24808
Reference
PMID:16001050
  Authors
Merlino G.
  Title
Cancer biology: the weakest link?
  Journal
Nature 436:33-5 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/436033a
Reference
PMID:16001072
  Authors
Garraway LA, Widlund HR, Rubin MA, Getz G, Berger AJ, Ramaswamy S, Beroukhim R, Milner DA, Granter SR, Du J, Lee C, Wagner SN, Li C, Golub TR, Rimm DL, Meyerson ML, Fisher DE, Sellers WR.
  Title
Integrative genomic analyses identify MITF as a lineage survival oncogene amplified in malignant melanoma.
  Journal
Nature 436:117-22 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nature03664
Reference
PMID:16899407
  Authors
Levy C, Khaled M, Fisher DE.
  Title
MITF: master regulator of melanocyte development and melanoma oncogene.
  Journal
Trends Mol Med 12:406-14 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.molmed.2006.07.008
Reference
PMID:15009714
  Authors
Tsao H, Goel V, Wu H, Yang G, Haluska FG.
  Title
Genetic interaction between NRAS and BRAF mutations and PTEN/MMAC1 inactivation in melanoma.
  Journal
J Invest Dermatol 122:337-41 (2004)
DOI:10.1046/j.0022-202X.2004.22243.x
Reference
PMID:11224709
  Authors
Gruss C, Herlyn M.
  Title
Role of cadherins and matrixins in melanoma.
  Journal
Curr Opin Oncol 13:117-23 (2001)
DOI:10.1097/00001622-200103000-00006
Reference
PMID:15721476
  Authors
Thompson JF, Scolyer RA, Kefford RF.
  Title
Cutaneous melanoma.
  Journal
Lancet 365:687-701 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17951-3
Reference
PMID:14695152
  Authors
Omholt K, Platz A, Kanter L, Ringborg U, Hansson J.
  Title
NRAS and BRAF mutations arise early during melanoma pathogenesis and are preserved throughout tumor progression.
  Journal
Clin Cancer Res 9:6483-8 (2003)
Reference
PMID:15557758
  Authors
Hussein MR.
  Title
The TP53 tumor suppressor gene and melanoma tumorigenesis: is there a relationship?
  Journal
Tumour Biol 25:200-7 (2004)
DOI:10.1159/000081103
Reference
PMID:10843728
  Authors
Lazar-Molnar E, Hegyesi H, Toth S, Falus A.
  Title
Autocrine and paracrine regulation by cytokines and growth factors in melanoma.
  Journal
Cytokine 12:547-54 (2000)
DOI:10.1006/cyto.1999.0614
Related
pathway
mmu04010  MAPK signaling pathway
mmu04110  Cell cycle
mmu04115  p53 signaling pathway
mmu04151  PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
mmu04520  Adherens junction
mmu04916  Melanogenesis
KO pathway
ko05218   

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