Entry Name Cholinergic synapse - Papio anubis (olive baboon)
Description Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central (and also peripheral, autonomic and enteric) nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, ACh facilitates many functions, such as learning, memory, attention and motor control. When released in the synaptic cleft, ACh binds to two distinct types of receptors: Ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). The activation of nAChR by ACh leads to the rapid influx of Na+ and Ca2+ and subsequent cellular depolarization. Activation of mAChRs is relatively slow (milliseconds to seconds) and, depending on the subtypes present (M1-M5), they directly alter cellular homeostasis of phospholipase C, inositol trisphosphate, cAMP, and free calcium. In the cleft, ACh may also be hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) into choline and acetate. The choline derived from ACh hydrolysis is recovered by a presynaptic high-affinity choline transporter (CHT).
Class Organismal Systems; Nervous systemBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Other DBs Organism Papio anubis (olive baboon) [GN:
panu ]
Gene 100510873 PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X4 [KO:K02649 ]
100997846 GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 [KO:K07825 ]
100997854 GNG5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542 ]
100998763 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
100999120 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X5 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
100999253 KCNJ3; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 [KO:K04997 ]
101000692 PIK3R6; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 6 isoform X1 [KO:K21290 ]
101001272 ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04960 ]
101001308 CHRNA3; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04805 ]
101001384 PIK3R5; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 isoform X1 [KO:K21290 ]
101002070 CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X6 [KO:K04851 ]
101002278 PIK3CD; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
101002364 CHRNB4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 [KO:K04815 ]
101002971 PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
101003812 GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04538 ]
101004170 GNG10; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545 ]
101004262 KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04926 ]
101004296 CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
101004338 GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 [KO:K04539 ]
101004434 CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
101004976 PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
101006072 CHRNA7; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 isoform X1 [KO:K04809 ]
101006709 CHRM4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 [KO:K04132 ]
101006936 GNG11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546 ]
101007514 CREB5; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 isoform X4 [KO:K09047 ]
101007744 KCNJ6; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K05000 ]
101008105 GNGT1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548 ]
101008452 CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048 ]
101008699 PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
101008925 CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X10 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
101009143 GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540 ]
101009416 KCNJ14; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 14 [KO:K05007 ]
101009887 KCNQ3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3 [KO:K04928 ]
101009981 PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649 ]
101009984 CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X37 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
101010000 PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X4 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
101010770 KCNQ4; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 4 [KO:K04929 ]
101011013 GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha [KO:K04630 ]
101011087 CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
101011251 GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04630 ]
101011397 KCNQ5; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5 isoform X1 [KO:K04930 ]
101011441 GNG2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 [KO:K07826 ]
101012463 GNG7; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543 ]
101013627 ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374 ]
101013922 CACNA1A; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A isoform X1 [KO:K04344 ]
101014131 KCNJ12; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 12 [KO:K05005 ]
101014913 CHRNA4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 isoform X2 [KO:K04806 ]
101015176 GNG12; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347 ]
101016713 GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04536 ]
101017163 KCNQ2; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04927 ]
101017317 ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
101017891 CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
101017982 GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537 ]
101018328 GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha isoform X2 [KO:K04534 ]
101018542 PIK3CG; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K21289 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
101019734 GNA11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 isoform X1 [KO:K04635 ]
101019865 CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F [KO:K04853 ]
101019885 CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X18 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
101020406 CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048 ]
101020528 GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04630 ]
101021341 GNGT2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 [KO:K04549 ]
101021637 CHRNA6; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 [KO:K04808 ]
101023200 ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04959 ]
101024158 GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541 ]
101024177 GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha isoform X2 [KO:K04634 ]
101025213 CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S isoform X1 [KO:K04857 ]
101026237 CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X7 [KO:K04850 ]
101026486 CHRNB2; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 isoform X2 [KO:K04813 ]
108583299 GNG8; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 [KO:K04544 ]
Compound C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C04637 1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate
Reference Authors Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Malenka RC.
Title Molecular neuropharmacology: A foundation for clinical neuroscience
Journal The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (2001)
Reference Authors Nicholls JG, Martin AR, Wallace BG, Fuchs PA.
Title From neuron to brain, 4th ed.
Journal Sunderland, MA: Sinauer associates (2001)
Reference Authors Dajas-Bailador F, Wonnacott S
Title Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the regulation of neuronal signalling.
Journal Reference Authors Resende RR, Adhikari A
Title Cholinergic receptor pathways involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation.
Journal Reference Authors Origlia N, Kuczewski N, Pesavento E, Aztiria E, Domenici L
Title The role of cholinergic system in neuronal plasticity: focus on visual cortex and muscarinic receptors.
Journal Arch Ital Biol 146:165-88 (2008)
Reference Authors Oldenburg IA, Ding JB
Title Cholinergic modulation of synaptic integration and dendritic excitability in the striatum.
Journal Reference Authors Lanzafame AA, Christopoulos A, Mitchelson F
Title Cellular signaling mechanisms for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
Journal Reference Authors Brown DA
Title Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the nervous system: some functions and mechanisms.
Journal Reference Authors Chang KT, Berg DK
Title Voltage-gated channels block nicotinic regulation of CREB phosphorylation and gene expression in neurons.
Journal Reference Authors Soreq H, Seidman S
Title Acetylcholinesterase--new roles for an old actor.
Journal Reference Authors Sharma G, Vijayaraghavan S
Title Nicotinic receptor signaling in nonexcitable cells.
Journal Reference Authors Araque A, Martin ED, Perea G, Arellano JI, Buno W
Title Synaptically released acetylcholine evokes Ca2+ elevations in astrocytes in hippocampal slices.
Journal Reference Authors Lucas-Meunier E, Fossier P, Baux G, Amar M
Title Cholinergic modulation of the cortical neuronal network.
Journal Reference Authors Abreu-Villaca Y, Filgueiras CC, Manhaes AC
Title Developmental aspects of the cholinergic system.
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