Entry Name Circadian entrainment - Sciurus carolinensis (gray squirrel)
Description Circadian entrainment is a fundamental property by which the period of the internal biological clock is entrained by recurring exogenous signals, such that the organism's endocrine and behavioral rhythms are synchronized to environmental cues. In mammals, a master clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus and may synchronize circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues. Light signal is the dominant synchronizer for master SCN clock. Downstream from the retina, glutamate and PACAP are released and trigger the activation of signal transduction cascades, including CamKII and nNOS activity, cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Of non-photic entrainment, important phase shifting capabilities have been found for melatonin, which inhibits light-induced phase shifts through inhibition of adenylate cyclase (AC). Multiple entrainment pathways converge into CREB regulation. In turn, phosphorylated CREB activates clock gene expression.
Class Organismal Systems; Environmental adaptationBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Ortholog table Other DBs Organism Sciurus carolinensis (gray squirrel) [GN:
ncar ]
Gene 124970656 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A-like [KO:K05209 ]
124979032 cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870 ]
124970932 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
124985172 carboxyl-terminal PDZ ligand of neuronal nitric oxide synthase protein-like isoform X1 [KO:K16513 ]
124992673 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630 ]
124988012 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04630 ]
124991078 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630 ]
124967520 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04534 ]
124976089 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536 ]
124969987 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537 ]
124993231 guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04538 ]
124960444 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540 ]
124961969 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541 ]
124978139 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542 ]
124961463 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542 ]
124961876 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5-like [KO:K04542 ]
124965653 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5-like [KO:K04542 ]
124968657 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543 ]
124967414 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 [KO:K04544 ]
124970655 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10-like [KO:K04545 ]
124964520 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545 ]
124975713 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545 ]
124991054 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546 ]
124993726 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347 ]
124969192 putative guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-14 [KO:K04347 ]
124990131 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548 ]
124980134 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 isoform X1 [KO:K04549 ]
124979221 voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G isoform X1 [KO:K04854 ]
124970247 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H-like [KO:K04855 ]
124982472 voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I isoform X1 [KO:K04856 ]
124990759 pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type I receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04587 ]
124975134 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms XLas isoform X1 [KO:K04632 ]
124982084 voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C [KO:K04850 ]
124968359 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D-like [KO:K04851 ]
124964255 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
124980509 G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 [KO:K04997 ]
124960772 G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04999 ]
124993028 G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K05000 ]
124990924 G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 3 [KO:K05002 ]
Compound Reference Authors Brown TM, Piggins HD
Title Electrophysiology of the suprachiasmatic circadian clock.
Journal Reference Authors Dickson L, Finlayson K
Title VPAC and PAC receptors: From ligands to function.
Journal Reference Authors Golombek DA, Rosenstein RE
Title Physiology of circadian entrainment.
Journal Reference Authors Dubocovich ML, Markowska M
Title Functional MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors in mammals.
Journal Reference Authors Dubocovich ML, Delagrange P, Krause DN, Sugden D, Cardinali DP, Olcese J
Title International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXV. Nomenclature, classification, and pharmacology of G protein-coupled melatonin receptors.
Journal Reference Authors Hardeland R
Title Melatonin: signaling mechanisms of a pleiotropic agent.
Journal Reference Authors Golombek DA, Ferreyra GA, Agostino PV, Murad AD, Rubio MF, Pizzio GA, Katz ME, Marpegan L, Bekinschtein TA
Title From light to genes: moving the hands of the circadian clock.
Journal Reference Authors Mertens I, Husson SJ, Janssen T, Lindemans M, Schoofs L
Title PACAP and PDF signaling in the regulation of mammalian and insect circadian rhythms.
Journal Reference Authors Kim DY, Choi HJ, Kim JS, Kim YS, Jeong DU, Shin HC, Kim MJ, Han HC, Hong SK, Kim YI
Title Voltage-gated calcium channels play crucial roles in the glutamate-induced phase shifts of the rat suprachiasmatic circadian clock.
Journal Reference Authors Agostino PV, Ferreyra GA, Murad AD, Watanabe Y, Golombek DA
Title Diurnal, circadian and photic regulation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the hamster suprachiasmatic nuclei.
Journal Reference Authors Ferreyra GA, Golombek DA
Title Rhythmicity of the cGMP-related signal transduction pathway in the mammalian circadian system.
Journal Reference Authors Butcher GQ, Lee B, Cheng HY, Obrietan K
Title Light stimulates MSK1 activation in the suprachiasmatic nucleus via a PACAP-ERK/MAP kinase-dependent mechanism.
Journal Reference Authors Hamada T, Niki T, Ziging P, Sugiyama T, Watanabe S, Mikoshiba K, Ishida N
Title Differential expression patterns of inositol trisphosphate receptor types 1 and 3 in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Journal Reference Authors Diaz-Munoz M, Dent MA, Granados-Fuentes D, Hall AC, Hernandez-Cruz A, Harrington ME, Aguilar-Roblero R
Title Circadian modulation of the ryanodine receptor type 2 in the SCN of rodents.
Journal Reference Authors Fang M, Jaffrey SR, Sawa A, Ye K, Luo X, Snyder SH
Title Dexras1: a G protein specifically coupled to neuronal nitric oxide synthase via CAPON.
Journal Reference Authors Takahashi H, Umeda N, Tsutsumi Y, Fukumura R, Ohkaze H, Sujino M, van der Horst G, Yasui A, Inouye ST, Fujimori A, Ohhata T, Araki R, Abe M
Title Mouse dexamethasone-induced RAS protein 1 gene is expressed in a circadian rhythmic manner in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Journal Reference Authors Cheng HY, Dziema H, Papp J, Mathur DP, Koletar M, Ralph MR, Penninger JM, Obrietan K
Title The molecular gatekeeper Dexras1 sculpts the photic responsiveness of the mammalian circadian clock.
Journal Related KO pathway LinkDB All DBs
