Entry Name Viral myocarditis - Physeter catodon (sperm whale)
Description Myocarditis is a cardiac disease associated with inflammation and injury of the myocardium. It results from various etiologies, both noninfectious and infectious, but coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is still considered the dominant etiological agent. Myocarditis may be caused by direct cytopathic effects of virus, a pathologic immune response to persistent virus, or autoimmunity triggered by the viral infection. The virus enters the myocyte through internalization of the coxsackie-adenoviral receptor (CAR) and its coreceptor, decay-accelerating factor (DAF). Viral proteases cleave various proteins in the host cell. One example is viral protease 2A, which cleaves eukaryote initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) and the dystrophin protein, resulting in a complete shutdown of cap-dependent RNA translation and cytoskeletal destruction in infected cardiomyocytes, respectively. CVB3 also cleaves the member of the Bcl-2 family Bid, leading to apoptosis. CVB3 infection also induces the cleavage of cyclin D protein through a proteasome-dependent pathway, leading to the host cell-growth arrest. Viral infection and necrosis of myocytes may lead to the release of intracellular antigens, resulting in activation of self-reactive T cells. CVB infection is a significant cause of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) as well as myocarditis. Epidemiologically, myocarditis underlies a significant portion of patients with DCM.
Class Human Diseases; Cardiovascular diseaseBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Ortholog table Organism Physeter catodon (sperm whale) [GN:
pcad ]
Gene 102979766 CXADR; coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor isoform X2 [KO:K06788 ]
102976693 CD55; complement decay-accelerating factor isoform X1 [KO:K04006 ]
102990276 RAC1; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 isoform X2 [KO:K04392 ]
102990552 RAC2; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2 isoform X1 [KO:K07860 ]
102988002 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 2-like [KO:K03260 ]
102986567 EIF4G2; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 2 [KO:K03260 ]
102983300 EIF4G3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 3 isoform X4 [KO:K03260 ]
102975000 EIF4G1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1 isoform X1 [KO:K03260 ]
102978297 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 2-like [KO:K03260 ]
102979165 CD40; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5 [KO:K03160 ]
102994322 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DM alpha chain isoform X1 [KO:K06752 ]
102973944 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain [KO:K06752 ]
102976012 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ beta 1 chain isoform X2 [KO:K06752 ]
102973764 DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06752 ]
102976287 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ alpha 2 chain isoform X2 [KO:K06752 ]
102992942 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DO alpha chain [KO:K06752 ]
102974479 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DO beta chain [KO:K06752 ]
102994605 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DM beta chain [KO:K06752 ]
102978546 DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain [KO:K06752 ]
112064291 BOLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain BL3-7-like isoform X2 [KO:K06751 ]
112064292 BOLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain BL3-7-like [KO:K06751 ]
112064318 BOLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain BL3-6-like [KO:K06751 ]
102996245 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: BOLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain BL3-7-like [KO:K06751 ]
102985933 H-2 class I histocompatibility antigen, Q10 alpha chain-like [KO:K06751 ]
102975720 CD80; T-lymphocyte activation antigen CD80 isoform X2 [KO:K05412 ]
102974216 CD28; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28 [KO:K06470 ]
Reference Authors Esfandiarei M, McManus BM
Title Molecular biology and pathogenesis of viral myocarditis.
Journal Reference Authors Badorff C, Knowlton KU
Title Dystrophin disruption in enterovirus-induced myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: from bench to bedside.
Journal Reference Authors Maekawa Y, Ouzounian M, Opavsky MA, Liu PP
Title Connecting the missing link between dilated cardiomyopathy and viral myocarditis: virus, cytoskeleton, and innate immunity.
Journal Reference Authors Pankuweit S, Portig I, Maisch B
Title Pathophysiology of cardiac inflammation: molecular mechanisms.
Journal Reference Authors Gao G, Luo H
Title The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in viral infections.
Journal Reference Authors Coyne CB, Bergelson JM
Title Virus-induced Abl and Fyn kinase signals permit coxsackievirus entry through epithelial tight junctions.
Journal Reference Authors Badorff C, Lee GH, Knowlton KU
Title Enteroviral cardiomyopathy: bad news for the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex.
Journal Reference Authors Knowlton KU
Title CVB infection and mechanisms of viral cardiomyopathy.
Journal Reference Authors Castellano G, Affuso F, Di Conza P, Fazio S
Title Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: possible connections and treatments.
Journal Reference Authors Cooper LT Jr
Title Myocarditis.
Journal Reference Authors Kawai C
Title From myocarditis to cardiomyopathy: mechanisms of inflammation and cell death: learning from the past for the future.
Journal Reference Authors Liu PP, Mason JW
Title Advances in the understanding of myocarditis.
Journal Reference Authors Mason JW
Title Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: an inflammatory link.
Journal Reference Authors Tam PE
Title Coxsackievirus myocarditis: interplay between virus and host in the pathogenesis of heart disease.
Journal Related pcad04612 Antigen processing and presentation
KO pathway LinkDB All DBs
