Entry Name Viral myocarditis - Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee)
Description Myocarditis is a cardiac disease associated with inflammation and injury of the myocardium. It results from various etiologies, both noninfectious and infectious, but coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is still considered the dominant etiological agent. Myocarditis may be caused by direct cytopathic effects of virus, a pathologic immune response to persistent virus, or autoimmunity triggered by the viral infection. The virus enters the myocyte through internalization of the coxsackie-adenoviral receptor (CAR) and its coreceptor, decay-accelerating factor (DAF). Viral proteases cleave various proteins in the host cell. One example is viral protease 2A, which cleaves eukaryote initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) and the dystrophin protein, resulting in a complete shutdown of cap-dependent RNA translation and cytoskeletal destruction in infected cardiomyocytes, respectively. CVB3 also cleaves the member of the Bcl-2 family Bid, leading to apoptosis. CVB3 infection also induces the cleavage of cyclin D protein through a proteasome-dependent pathway, leading to the host cell-growth arrest. Viral infection and necrosis of myocytes may lead to the release of intracellular antigens, resulting in activation of self-reactive T cells. CVB infection is a significant cause of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) as well as myocarditis. Epidemiologically, myocarditis underlies a significant portion of patients with DCM.
Class Human Diseases; Cardiovascular diseaseBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Ortholog table Organism Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee) [GN:
ptr ]
Gene 473920 CXADR; coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor isoform X1 [KO:K06788 ]
744672 CD55; complement decay-accelerating factor isoform X9 [KO:K04006 ]
741907 RAC1; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 [KO:K04392 ]
465884 ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1-like [KO:K04392 ]
742575 RAC2; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2 [KO:K07860 ]
747131 RAC3; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3 isoform X1 [KO:K07861 ]
455302 LAMA1; laminin subunit alpha-1 isoform X2 [KO:K05637 ]
472122 LAMA2; laminin subunit alpha-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05637 ]
460888 EIF4G1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1 isoform X2 [KO:K03260 ]
466443 EIF4G2; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 2 isoform X1 [KO:K03260 ]
469204 EIF4G3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 3 isoform X1 [KO:K03260 ]
458635 BID; BH3-interacting domain death agonist isoform X2 [KO:K04726 ]
100615583 CD40; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5 isoform X1 [KO:K03160 ]
449592 PATR-DMB; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DM beta precursor [KO:K06752 ]
471974 PATR-DQA1; HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ alpha 1 chain isoform X2 [KO:K06752 ]
471976 PATR-DQA2; HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ alpha 2 chain [KO:K06752 ]
471977 PATR-DOB; patr class II histocompatibility antigen, DO beta chain precursor [KO:K06752 ]
462591 PATR-DRA; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR alpha precursor [KO:K06752 ]
462594 PATR-DQB1; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 1 precursor [KO:K06752 ]
462598 PATR-DPA1; HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP alpha 1 chain isoform X1 [KO:K06752 ]
462599 PATR-DPB1; HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP beta 1 chain isoform X1 [KO:K06752 ]
462592 PATR-DRB5; major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 5 precursor [KO:K06752 ]
104006793 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR beta 3 chain precursor [KO:K06752 ]
100616520 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ beta 1 chain isoform X5 [KO:K06752 ]
100608816 MAMU-DMA; HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DM alpha chain isoform X1 [KO:K06752 ]
100610904 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP beta 1 chain-like isoform X3 [KO:K06752 ]
743326 BV7-2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: T cell receptor beta variable 7-2 [KO:K10785 ]
472543 BV6-3; T-cell receptor beta chain V region 86T1 [KO:K10785 ]
450202 PATR-B; CHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B-2 alpha chain isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
471962 PATR-C; patr class I histocompatibility antigen, C alpha chain isoform X4 [KO:K06751 ]
462540 PATR-E; patr class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain E precursor [KO:K06751 ]
494187 PATR-G; class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain G precursor [KO:K06751 ]
100169977 PATR-F; patr class I histocompatibility antigen, CH28 alpha chain precursor [KO:K06751 ]
750725 PATR-A; patr class I histocompatibility antigen, A-126 alpha chain precursor [KO:K06751 ]
471948 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, A alpha chain [KO:K06751 ]
470892 CD80; T-lymphocyte activation antigen CD80 isoform X1 [KO:K05412 ]
470900 CD86; T-lymphocyte activation antigen CD86 isoform X1 [KO:K05413 ]
470617 CD28; T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28 isoform X1 [KO:K06470 ]
450196 ICAM1; intercellular adhesion molecule 1 precursor [KO:K06490 ]
Reference Authors Esfandiarei M, McManus BM
Title Molecular biology and pathogenesis of viral myocarditis.
Journal Reference Authors Badorff C, Knowlton KU
Title Dystrophin disruption in enterovirus-induced myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: from bench to bedside.
Journal Reference Authors Maekawa Y, Ouzounian M, Opavsky MA, Liu PP
Title Connecting the missing link between dilated cardiomyopathy and viral myocarditis: virus, cytoskeleton, and innate immunity.
Journal Reference Authors Pankuweit S, Portig I, Maisch B
Title Pathophysiology of cardiac inflammation: molecular mechanisms.
Journal Reference Authors Gao G, Luo H
Title The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in viral infections.
Journal Reference Authors Coyne CB, Bergelson JM
Title Virus-induced Abl and Fyn kinase signals permit coxsackievirus entry through epithelial tight junctions.
Journal Reference Authors Badorff C, Lee GH, Knowlton KU
Title Enteroviral cardiomyopathy: bad news for the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex.
Journal Reference Authors Knowlton KU
Title CVB infection and mechanisms of viral cardiomyopathy.
Journal Reference Authors Castellano G, Affuso F, Di Conza P, Fazio S
Title Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: possible connections and treatments.
Journal Reference Authors Cooper LT Jr
Title Myocarditis.
Journal Reference Authors Kawai C
Title From myocarditis to cardiomyopathy: mechanisms of inflammation and cell death: learning from the past for the future.
Journal Reference Authors Liu PP, Mason JW
Title Advances in the understanding of myocarditis.
Journal Reference Authors Mason JW
Title Myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: an inflammatory link.
Journal Reference Authors Tam PE
Title Coxsackievirus myocarditis: interplay between virus and host in the pathogenesis of heart disease.
Journal Related ptr04612 Antigen processing and presentation
ptr04660 T cell receptor signaling pathway
KO pathway LinkDB All DBs
