Hereditary deafness is divided into syndromic forms (in which hearing loss is associated with a variety of other anomalies) and non-syndromic forms. Non-syndromic forms are responsible for 70% of the cases of hereditary etiology and syndromic cases represent 30% of them. Among the forms of heritage, autosomal-recessive inheritance is the most frequent one (75%-85%), followed by autosomal- dominant inheritance (12-13%) and X-linked or mitochondrial, with 2-3% of the cases of non-syndromic hearing loss. The autosomal-recessive forms of deafness are generally the most severe and are almost exclusively caused by cochlear defects (sensorineural deafness), in contrast to the syndromic forms of deafness, where the hearing loss in most cases is conductive (external and/or middle ear developmental defects) or mixed.
Shen J, Oza AM, Del Castillo I, Duzkale H, Matsunaga T, Pandya A, Kang HP, Mar-Heyming R, Guha S, Moyer K, Lo C, Kenna M, Alexander JJ, Zhang Y, Hirsch Y, Luo M, Cao Y, Wai Choy K, Cheng YF, Avraham KB, Hu X, Garrido G, Moreno-Pelayo MA, Greinwald J, Zhang K, Zeng Y, Brownstein Z, Basel-Salmon L, Davidov B, Frydman M, Weiden T, Nagan N, Willis A, Hemphill SE, Grant AR, Siegert RK, DiStefano MT, Amr SS, Rehm HL, Abou Tayoun AN
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Consensus interpretation of the p.Met34Thr and p.Val37Ile variants in GJB2 by the ClinGen Hearing Loss Expert Panel.
Liburd N, Ghosh M, Riazuddin S, Naz S, Khan S, Ahmed Z, Riazuddin S, Liang Y, Menon PS, Smith T, Smith AC, Chen KS, Lupski JR, Wilcox ER, Potocki L, Friedman TB
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Novel mutations of MYO15A associated with profound deafness in consanguineous families and moderately severe hearing loss in a patient with Smith-Magenis syndrome.
Scott HS, Kudoh J, Wattenhofer M, Shibuya K, Berry A, Chrast R, Guipponi M, Wang J, Kawasaki K, Asakawa S, Minoshima S, Younus F, Mehdi SQ, Radhakrishna U, Papasavvas MP, Gehrig C, Rossier C, Korostishevsky M, Gal A, Shimizu N, Bonne-Tamir B, Antonarakis SE
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Insertion of beta-satellite repeats identifies a transmembrane protease causing both congenital and childhood onset autosomal recessive deafness.
Bork JM, Peters LM, Riazuddin S, Bernstein SL, Ahmed ZM, Ness SL, Polomeno R, Ramesh A, Schloss M, Srisailpathy CR, Wayne S, Bellman S, Desmukh D, Ahmed Z, Khan SN, Kaloustian VM, Li XC, Lalwani A, Riazuddin S, Bitner-Glindzicz M, Nance WE, Liu XZ, Wistow G, Smith RJ, Griffith AJ, Wilcox ER, Friedman TB, Morell RJ
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Usher syndrome 1D and nonsyndromic autosomal recessive deafness DFNB12 are caused by allelic mutations of the novel cadherin-like gene CDH23.
Charizopoulou N, Lelli A, Schraders M, Ray K, Hildebrand MS, Ramesh A, Srisailapathy CR, Oostrik J, Admiraal RJ, Neely HR, Latoche JR, Smith RJ, Northup JK, Kremer H, Holt JR, Noben-Trauth K
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Gipc3 mutations associated with audiogenic seizures and sensorineural hearing loss in mouse and human.
Schraders M, Ruiz-Palmero L, Kalay E, Oostrik J, del Castillo FJ, Sezgin O, Beynon AJ, Strom TM, Pennings RJ, Zazo Seco C, Oonk AM, Kunst HP, Dominguez-Ruiz M, Garcia-Arumi AM, del Campo M, Villamar M, Hoefsloot LH, Moreno F, Admiraal RJ, del Castillo I, Kremer H
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Mutations of the gene encoding otogelin are a cause of autosomal-recessive nonsyndromic moderate hearing impairment.
Zwaenepoel I, Mustapha M, Leibovici M, Verpy E, Goodyear R, Liu XZ, Nouaille S, Nance WE, Kanaan M, Avraham KB, Tekaia F, Loiselet J, Lathrop M, Richardson G, Petit C
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Otoancorin, an inner ear protein restricted to the interface between the apical surface of sensory epithelia and their overlying acellular gels, is defective in autosomal recessive deafness DFNB22.
Schraders M, Lee K, Oostrik J, Huygen PL, Ali G, Hoefsloot LH, Veltman JA, Cremers FP, Basit S, Ansar M, Cremers CW, Kunst HP, Ahmad W, Admiraal RJ, Leal SM, Kremer H
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Homozygosity mapping reveals mutations of GRXCR1 as a cause of autosomal-recessive nonsyndromic hearing impairment.
Collin RW, Kalay E, Tariq M, Peters T, van der Zwaag B, Venselaar H, Oostrik J, Lee K, Ahmed ZM, Caylan R, Li Y, Spierenburg HA, Eyupoglu E, Heister A, Riazuddin S, Bahat E, Ansar M, Arslan S, Wollnik B, Brunner HG, Cremers CW, Karaguzel A, Ahmad W, Cremers FP, Vriend G, Friedman TB, Riazuddin S, Leal SM, Kremer H
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Mutations of ESRRB encoding estrogen-related receptor beta cause autosomal-recessive nonsyndromic hearing impairment DFNB35.
Ahmed ZM, Morell RJ, Riazuddin S, Gropman A, Shaukat S, Ahmad MM, Mohiddin SA, Fananapazir L, Caruso RC, Husnain T, Khan SN, Riazuddin S, Griffith AJ, Friedman TB, Wilcox ER
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Mutations of MYO6 are associated with recessive deafness, DFNB37.
Borck G, Ur Rehman A, Lee K, Pogoda HM, Kakar N, von Ameln S, Grillet N, Hildebrand MS, Ahmed ZM, Nurnberg G, Ansar M, Basit S, Javed Q, Morell RJ, Nasreen N, Shearer AE, Ahmad A, Kahrizi K, Shaikh RS, Ali RA, Khan SN, Goebel I, Meyer NC, Kimberling WJ, Webster JA, Stephan DA, Schiller MR, Bahlo M, Najmabadi H, Gillespie PG, Nurnberg P, Wollnik B, Riazuddin S, Smith RJ, Ahmad W, Muller U, Hammerschmidt M, Friedman TB, Riazuddin S, Leal SM, Ahmad J, Kubisch C
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Loss-of-function mutations of ILDR1 cause autosomal-recessive hearing impairment DFNB42.
Santos-Cortez RL, Lee K, Giese AP, Ansar M, Amin-Ud-Din M, Rehn K, Wang X, Aziz A, Chiu I, Hussain Ali R, Smith JD, Shendure J, Bamshad M, Nickerson DA, Ahmed ZM, Ahmad W, Riazuddin S, Leal SM
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Adenylate cyclase 1 (ADCY1) mutations cause recessive hearing impairment in humans and defects in hair cell function and hearing in zebrafish.
Mutai H, Suzuki N, Shimizu A, Torii C, Namba K, Morimoto N, Kudoh J, Kaga K, Kosaki K, Matsunaga T
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Diverse spectrum of rare deafness genes underlies early-childhood hearing loss in Japanese patients: a cross-sectional, multi-center next-generation sequencing study.
Ahmed ZM, Masmoudi S, Kalay E, Belyantseva IA, Mosrati MA, Collin RW, Riazuddin S, Hmani-Aifa M, Venselaar H, Kawar MN, Tlili A, van der Zwaag B, Khan SY, Ayadi L, Riazuddin SA, Morell RJ, Griffith AJ, Charfedine I, Caylan R, Oostrik J, Karaguzel A, Ghorbel A, Riazuddin S, Friedman TB, Ayadi H, Kremer H
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Mutations of LRTOMT, a fusion gene with alternative reading frames, cause nonsyndromic deafness in humans.
Grati M, Chakchouk I, Ma Q, Bensaid M, Desmidt A, Turki N, Yan D, Baanannou A, Mittal R, Driss N, Blanton S, Farooq A, Lu Z, Liu XZ, Masmoudi S
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A missense mutation in DCDC2 causes human recessive deafness DFNB66, likely by interfering with sensory hair cell and supporting cell cilia length regulation.
Kalay E, Li Y, Uzumcu A, Uyguner O, Collin RW, Caylan R, Ulubil-Emiroglu M, Kersten FF, Hafiz G, van Wijk E, Kayserili H, Rohmann E, Wagenstaller J, Hoefsloot LH, Strom TM, Nurnberg G, Baserer N, den Hollander AI, Cremers FP, Cremers CW, Becker C, Brunner HG, Nurnberg P, Karaguzel A, Basaran S, Kubisch C, Kremer H, Wollnik B
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Mutations in the lipoma HMGIC fusion partner-like 5 (LHFPL5) gene cause autosomal recessive nonsyndromic hearing loss.
Santos-Cortez RL, Faridi R, Rehman AU, Lee K, Ansar M, Wang X, Morell RJ, Isaacson R, Belyantseva IA, Dai H, Acharya A, Qaiser TA, Muhammad D, Ali RA, Shams S, Hassan MJ, Shahzad S, Raza SI, Bashir ZE, Smith JD, Nickerson DA, Bamshad MJ, Riazuddin S, Ahmad W, Friedman TB, Leal SM
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Autosomal-Recessive Hearing Impairment Due to Rare Missense Variants within S1PR2.
von Ameln S, Wang G, Boulouiz R, Rutherford MA, Smith GM, Li Y, Pogoda HM, Nurnberg G, Stiller B, Volk AE, Borck G, Hong JS, Goodyear RJ, Abidi O, Nurnberg P, Hofmann K, Richardson GP, Hammerschmidt M, Moser T, Wollnik B, Koehler CM, Teitell MA, Barakat A, Kubisch C
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A mutation in PNPT1, encoding mitochondrial-RNA-import protein PNPase, causes hereditary hearing loss.
Ahmed ZM, Yousaf R, Lee BC, Khan SN, Lee S, Lee K, Husnain T, Rehman AU, Bonneux S, Ansar M, Ahmad W, Leal SM, Gladyshev VN, Belyantseva IA, Van Camp G, Riazuddin S, Friedman TB, Riazuddin S
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Functional null mutations of MSRB3 encoding methionine sulfoxide reductase are associated with human deafness DFNB74.
Grillet N, Schwander M, Hildebrand MS, Sczaniecka A, Kolatkar A, Velasco J, Webster JA, Kahrizi K, Najmabadi H, Kimberling WJ, Stephan D, Bahlo M, Wiltshire T, Tarantino LM, Kuhn P, Smith RJ, Muller U
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Mutations in LOXHD1, an evolutionarily conserved stereociliary protein, disrupt hair cell function in mice and cause progressive hearing loss in humans.
Li Y, Pohl E, Boulouiz R, Schraders M, Nurnberg G, Charif M, Admiraal RJ, von Ameln S, Baessmann I, Kandil M, Veltman JA, Nurnberg P, Kubisch C, Barakat A, Kremer H, Wollnik B
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Mutations in TPRN cause a progressive form of autosomal-recessive nonsyndromic hearing loss.
Yariz KO, Duman D, Zazo Seco C, Dallman J, Huang M, Peters TA, Sirmaci A, Lu N, Schraders M, Skromne I, Oostrik J, Diaz-Horta O, Young JI, Tokgoz-Yilmaz S, Konukseven O, Shahin H, Hetterschijt L, Kanaan M, Oonk AM, Edwards YJ, Li H, Atalay S, Blanton S, Desmidt AA, Liu XZ, Pennings RJ, Lu Z, Chen ZY, Kremer H, Tekin M
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Mutations in OTOGL, encoding the inner ear protein otogelin-like, cause moderate sensorineural hearing loss.
Santos-Cortez RL, Lee K, Azeem Z, Antonellis PJ, Pollock LM, Khan S, Irfanullah, Andrade-Elizondo PB, Chiu I, Adams MD, Basit S, Smith JD, Nickerson DA, McDermott BM Jr, Ahmad W, Leal SM
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Mutations in KARS, encoding lysyl-tRNA synthetase, cause autosomal-recessive nonsyndromic hearing impairment DFNB89.
Sirmaci A, Erbek S, Price J, Huang M, Duman D, Cengiz FB, Bademci G, Tokgoz-Yilmaz S, Hismi B, Ozdag H, Ozturk B, Kulaksizoglu S, Yildirim E, Kokotas H, Grigoriadou M, Petersen MB, Shahin H, Kanaan M, King MC, Chen ZY, Blanton SH, Liu XZ, Zuchner S, Akar N, Tekin M
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A truncating mutation in SERPINB6 is associated with autosomal-recessive nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss.
Schrauwen I, Helfmann S, Inagaki A, Predoehl F, Tabatabaiefar MA, Picher MM, Sommen M, Zazo Seco C, Oostrik J, Kremer H, Dheedene A, Claes C, Fransen E, Chaleshtori MH, Coucke P, Lee A, Moser T, Van Camp G
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A mutation in CABP2, expressed in cochlear hair cells, causes autosomal-recessive hearing impairment.
Simon M, Richard EM, Wang X, Shahzad M, Huang VH, Qaiser TA, Potluri P, Mahl SE, Davila A, Nazli S, Hancock S, Yu M, Gargus J, Chang R, Al-Sheqaih N, Newman WG, Abdenur J, Starr A, Hegde R, Dorn T, Busch A, Park E, Wu J, Schwenzer H, Flierl A, Florentz C, Sissler M, Khan SN, Li R, Guan MX, Friedman TB, Wu DK, Procaccio V, Riazuddin S, Wallace DC, Ahmed ZM, Huang T, Riazuddin S
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Mutations of human NARS2, encoding the mitochondrial asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase, cause nonsyndromic deafness and Leigh syndrome.
Behlouli A, Bonnet C, Abdi S, Bouaita A, Lelli A, Hardelin JP, Schietroma C, Rous Y, Louha M, Cheknane A, Lebdi H, Boudjelida K, Makrelouf M, Zenati A, Petit C
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EPS8, encoding an actin-binding protein of cochlear hair cell stereocilia, is a new causal gene for autosomal recessive profound deafness.
Diaz-Horta O, Subasioglu-Uzak A, Grati M, DeSmidt A, Foster J 2nd, Cao L, Bademci G, Tokgoz-Yilmaz S, Duman D, Cengiz FB, Abad C, Mittal R, Blanton S, Liu XZ, Farooq A, Walz K, Lu Z, Tekin M
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FAM65B is a membrane-associated protein of hair cell stereocilia required for hearing.
Buniello A, Ingham NJ, Lewis MA, Huma AC, Martinez-Vega R, Varela-Nieto I, Vizcay-Barrena G, Fleck RA, Houston O, Bardhan T, Johnson SL, White JK, Yuan H, Marcotti W, Steel KP
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Wbp2 is required for normal glutamatergic synapses in the cochlea and is crucial for hearing.
Diaz-Horta O, Abad C, Sennaroglu L, Foster J 2nd, DeSmidt A, Bademci G, Tokgoz-Yilmaz S, Duman D, Cengiz FB, Grati M, Fitoz S, Liu XZ, Farooq A, Imtiaz F, Currall BB, Morton CC, Nishita M, Minami Y, Lu Z, Walz K, Tekin M
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ROR1 is essential for proper innervation of auditory hair cells and hearing in humans and mice.
Rohacek AM, Bebee TW, Tilton RK, Radens CM, McDermott-Roe C, Peart N, Kaur M, Zaykaner M, Cieply B, Musunuru K, Barash Y, Germiller JA, Krantz ID, Carstens RP, Epstein DJ
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ESRP1 Mutations Cause Hearing Loss due to Defects in Alternative Splicing that Disrupt Cochlear Development.
Wesdorp M, Murillo-Cuesta S, Peters T, Celaya AM, Oonk A, Schraders M, Oostrik J, Gomez-Rosas E, Beynon AJ, Hartel BP, Okkersen K, Koenen HJPM, Weeda J, Lelieveld S, Voermans NC, Joosten I, Hoyng CB, Lichtner P, Kunst HPM, Feenstra I, de Bruijn SE, Admiraal RJC, Yntema HG, van Wijk E, Del Castillo I, Serra P, Varela-Nieto I, Pennings RJE, Kremer H
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MPZL2, Encoding the Epithelial Junctional Protein Myelin Protein Zero-like 2, Is Essential for Hearing in Man and Mouse.
Li C, Bademci G, Subasioglu A, Diaz-Horta O, Zhu Y, Liu J, Mitchell TG, Abad C, Seyhan S, Duman D, Cengiz FB, Tokgoz-Yilmaz S, Blanton SH, Farooq A, Walz K, Zhai RG, Tekin M
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Dysfunction of GRAP, encoding the GRB2-related adaptor protein, is linked to sensorineural hearing loss.
Richard EM, Bakhtiari S, Marsh APL, Kaiyrzhanov R, Wagner M, Shetty S, Pagnozzi A, Nordlie SM, Guida BS, Cornejo P, Magee H, Liu J, Norton BY, Webster RI, Worgan L, Hakonarson H, Li J, Guo Y, Jain M, Blesson A, Rodan LH, Abbott MA, Comi A, Cohen JS, Alhaddad B, Meitinger T, Lenz D, Ziegler A, Kotzaeridou U, Brunet T, Chassevent A, Smith-Hicks C, Ekstein J, Weiden T, Hahn A, Zharkinbekova N, Turnpenny P, Tucci A, Yelton M, Horvath R, Gungor S, Hiz S, Oktay Y, Lochmuller H, Zollino M, Morleo M, Marangi G, Nigro V, Torella A, Pinelli M, Amenta S, Husain RA, Grossmann B, Rapp M, Steen C, Marquardt I, Grimmel M, Grasshoff U, Korenke GC, Owczarek-Lipska M, Neidhardt J, Radio FC, Mancini C, Claps Sepulveda DJ, McWalter K, Begtrup A, Crunk A, Guillen Sacoto MJ, Person R, Schnur RE, Mancardi MM, Kreuder F, Striano P, Zara F, Chung WK, Marks WA, van Eyk CL, Webber DL, Corbett MA, Harper K, Berry JG, MacLennan AH, Gecz J, Tartaglia M, Salpietro V, Christodoulou J, Kaslin J, Padilla-Lopez S, Bilguvar K, Munchau A, Ahmed ZM, Hufnagel RB, Fahey MC, Maroofian R, Houlden H, Sticht H, Mane SM, Rad A, Vona B, Jin SC, Haack TB, Makowski C, Hirsch Y, Riazuddin S, Kruer MC
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Bi-allelic variants in SPATA5L1 lead to intellectual disability, spastic-dystonic cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and hearing loss.
Bademci G, Lachgar-Ruiz M, Deokar M, Zafeer MF, Abad C, Yildirim Baylan M, Ingham NJ, Chen J, Sineni CJ, Vadgama N, Karakikes I, Guo S, Duman D, Singh N, Harlalka G, Jain SP, Chioza BA, Walz K, Steel KP, Nasir J, Tekin M
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Mutations in MINAR2 encoding membrane integral NOTCH2-associated receptor 2 cause deafness in humans and mice.
Redfield SE, De-la-Torre P, Zamani M, Wang H, Khan H, Morris T, Shariati G, Karimi M, Kenna MA, Seo GH, Xu H, Lu W, Naz S, Galehdari H, Indzhykulian AA, Shearer AE, Vona B
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PKHD1L1, a gene involved in the stereocilia coat, causes autosomal recessive nonsyndromic hearing loss.
