Entry Name Glutamatergic synapse - Equus asinus (ass)
Description Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system(CNS). Glutamate is packaged into synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal. Once released into the synaptic cleft, glutamate acts on postsynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) to mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission. Glutamate can also act on metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and exert a variety of modulatory effects through their coupling to G proteins and the subsequent recruitment of second messenger systems. Presynaptically localized Group II and Group III mGluRs are thought to represent the classical inhibitory autoreceptor mechanism that suppresses excess glutamate release. After its action on these receptors, glutamate can be removed from the synaptic cleft by EAATs located either on the presynaptic terminal, neighboring glial cells, or the postsynaptic neuron. In glia, glutamate is converted to glutamine, which is then transported back to the presynaptic terminal and converted back to glutamate.
Class Organismal Systems; Nervous systemBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Other DBs Organism Equus asinus (ass) [GN:
eai ]
Gene 106822066 CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X8 [KO:K04851 ]
106822188 GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04534 ]
106822731 SHANK2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 2 [KO:K15009 ]
106823191 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
106824013 GNG5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542 ]
106824759 SLC1A3; excitatory amino acid transporter 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05614 ]
106824778 KCNJ3; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04997 ]
106825068 GNG12; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347 ]
106825688 GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
106826447 GNGT2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 isoform X2 [KO:K04549 ]
106826757 GRIN2B; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B isoform X1 [KO:K05210 ]
106826827 GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540 ]
106826868 GNG10; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 [KO:K04545 ]
106826929 GNG14; putative guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-14 isoform X1 [KO:K04347 ]
106827290 SLC17A8; vesicular glutamate transporter 3 isoform X1 [KO:K12302 ]
106827362 GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04630 ]
106829312 GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 [KO:K04538 ]
106830197 GRIN2C; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C isoform X1 [KO:K05211 ]
106830516 GRIK3; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05203 ]
106830723 SLC38A3; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 3 isoform X1 [KO:K13576 ]
106830727 GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 isoform X2 [KO:K04630 ]
106831260 SLC1A6; excitatory amino acid transporter 4 isoform X1 [KO:K05617 ]
106831326 SLC17A6; vesicular glutamate transporter 2 isoform X1 [KO:K12302 ]
106833185 SLC1A7; excitatory amino acid transporter 5 isoform X1 [KO:K05618 ]
106833450 GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04630 ]
106833627 PLCB3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
106834157 GNG7; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543 ]
106834234 GRIN3B; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B [KO:K05214 ]
106834431 PPP3CA; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
106834634 ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04960 ]
106834701 GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541 ]
106835172 PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
106836191 GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 isoform X2 [KO:K04547 ]
106837154 GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 [KO:K04539 ]
106837486 SLC1A2; excitatory amino acid transporter 2 isoform X3 [KO:K05613 ]
106838128 TRPC1; short transient receptor potential channel 1 isoform X2 [KO:K04964 ]
106838305 GRIN2D; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D [KO:K05212 ]
106838935 GNG11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546 ]
106838940 GNGT1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548 ]
106839312 GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537 ]
106839455 CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850 ]
106839490 GNG2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 isoform X2 [KO:K07826 ]
106842381 GRIK4; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4 isoform X1 [KO:K05204 ]
106842388 PPP3CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X3 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
106843442 SLC38A1; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 1 [KO:K14990 ]
106843444 SLC38A2; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 isoform X2 [KO:K14207 ]
106843615 SLC1A1; excitatory amino acid transporter 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05612 ]
106844288 CACNA1A; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A [KO:K04344 ]
106844446 LZTS3; leucine zipper putative tumor suppressor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K26472 ]
106845218 GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536 ]
106845315 SHANK1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 1 [KO:K15009 ]
106845916 SHANK3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 3 [KO:K15009 ]
106847234 GRIK1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1 isoform X3 [KO:K05201 ]
106847320 GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K07825 ]
106847712 PPP3CC; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X4 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
106847934 GRIK5; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5 [KO:K05205 ]
106848450 ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
123281285 GNG8; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 [KO:K04544 ]
Compound C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference Authors Niswender CM, Conn PJ
Title Metabotropic glutamate receptors: physiology, pharmacology, and disease.
Journal Reference Authors Ferraguti F, Crepaldi L, Nicoletti F
Title Metabotropic glutamate 1 receptor: current concepts and perspectives.
Journal Reference Authors Hermans E, Challiss RA
Title Structural, signalling and regulatory properties of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptors: prototypic family C G-protein-coupled receptors.
Journal Reference Authors Kim CH, Lee J, Lee JY, Roche KW
Title Metabotropic glutamate receptors: phosphorylation and receptor signaling.
Journal Reference Authors Meador-Woodruff JH, Clinton SM, Beneyto M, McCullumsmith RE
Title Molecular abnormalities of the glutamate synapse in the thalamus in schizophrenia.
Journal Reference Authors Sanacora G, Zarate CA, Krystal JH, Manji HK
Title Targeting the glutamatergic system to develop novel, improved therapeutics for mood disorders.
Journal Reference Authors Gass JT, Olive MF
Title Glutamatergic substrates of drug addiction and alcoholism.
Journal Reference Authors Palmada M, Centelles JJ
Title Excitatory amino acid neurotransmission. Pathways for metabolism, storage and reuptake of glutamate in brain.
Journal Reference Authors Schoepp DD
Title Unveiling the functions of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors in the central nervous system.
Journal J Pharmacol Exp Ther 299:12-20 (2001)
Reference Authors de Jong AP, Verhage M
Title Presynaptic signal transduction pathways that modulate synaptic transmission.
Journal Reference Authors Pinheiro PS, Mulle C
Title Presynaptic glutamate receptors: physiological functions and mechanisms of action.
Journal Reference Authors Byrnes KR, Loane DJ, Faden AI
Title Metabotropic glutamate receptors as targets for multipotential treatment of neurological disorders.
Journal Reference Authors Conti F, Weinberg RJ
Title Shaping excitation at glutamatergic synapses.
Journal Reference Authors Sheng M, Kim MJ
Title Postsynaptic signaling and plasticity mechanisms.
Journal Related KO pathway
