Entry
Name
Insulin signaling pathway - Salvelinus sp. IW2-2015 (Arctic char)
Description
Insulin binding to its receptor results in the tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates (IRS) by the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase (INSR). This allows association of IRSs with the regulatory subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). PI3K activates 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1), which activates Akt, a serine kinase. Akt in turn deactivates glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3), leading to activation of glycogen synthase (GYS) and thus glycogen synthesis. Activation of Akt also results in the translocation of GLUT4 vesicles from their intracellular pool to the plasma membrane, where they allow uptake of glucose into the cell. Akt also leads to mTOR-mediated activation of protein synthesis by eIF4 and p70S6K. The translocation of GLUT4 protein is also elicited through the CAP/Cbl/TC10 pathway, once Cbl is phosphorylated by INSR.
Other signal transduction proteins interact with IRS including GRB2. GRB2 is part of the cascade including SOS, RAS, RAF and MEK that leads to activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and mitogenic responses in the form of gene transcription. SHC is another substrate of INSR. When tyrosine phosphorylated, SHC associates with GRB2 and can thus activate the RAS/MAPK pathway independently of IRS-1.
Class
Organismal Systems; Endocrine system
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Organism
Salvelinus sp. IW2-2015 (Arctic char) [GN:
salp ]
Gene
111952984 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649 ]
111976090 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta-like [KO:K02649 ]
111956658 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649 ]
111979489 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
111974525 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha [KO:K02649 ]
111971393 pik3r3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649 ]
111961727 pik3r1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
111979394 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
111975375 pik3ca; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
111966495 pik3cd; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
111949408 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform-like [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
111960775 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform-like [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
111952020 protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3C-B isoform X1 [KO:K07189 ]
111961412 protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3B isoform X1 [KO:K07189 ]
111982157 ppp1r3b; protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3B isoform X1 [KO:K07189 ]
111978222 ppp1r3c; protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3C isoform X1 [KO:K07189 ]
111969247 phkb; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K07190 ]
111974181 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit beta-like [KO:K07190 ]
111963183 cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-alpha regulatory subunit-like [KO:K04739 ]
111950367 cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-beta regulatory subunit [KO:K04739 ]
112070340 cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-beta regulatory subunit-like [KO:K04739 ]
111952783 cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-beta regulatory subunit [KO:K04739 ]
111966273 cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-alpha regulatory subunit isoform X1 [KO:K04739 ]
112077029 cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-alpha regulatory subunit-like [KO:K04739 ]
111978216 cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-alpha regulatory subunit [KO:K04739 ]
111970390 cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-alpha regulatory subunit [KO:K04739 ]
112080419 cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-alpha regulatory subunit-like [KO:K04739 ]
111951497 cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-beta regulatory subunit [KO:K04739 ]
111976701 cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-alpha regulatory subunit isoform X1 [KO:K04739 ]
111954898 solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 4-like isoform X1 [KO:K07191 ]
111960221 solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 4 [KO:K07191 ]
111978221 sorbin and SH3 domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06086 ]
111951617 sorbin and SH3 domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K06086 ]
111960909 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1-like [KO:K06277 ]
111974844 rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K06277 ]
111981990 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cdc42-interacting protein 4 homolog [KO:K07196 ]
111961538 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K07199 ]
111953401 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-1 isoform X1 [KO:K07200 ]
111979452 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-2 isoform X1 [KO:K07200 ]
111957022 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-1-like isoform X1 [KO:K07200 ]
111966758 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-1 [KO:K07200 ]
112079032 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-1-like [KO:K07200 ]
111953278 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-1 isoform X1 [KO:K07200 ]
111960358 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha isoform X1 [KO:K07202 ]
112080070 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 3-like [KO:K07205 ]
111957660 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 2 [KO:K07205 ]
111960854 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1-like [KO:K07205 ]
111951941 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-like isoform X1 [KO:K03259 ]
111978162 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E isoform X1 [KO:K03259 ]
112076927 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E type 2-like [KO:K03259 ]
111964321 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-1B isoform X1 [KO:K03259 ]
111958124 eif4e2; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K03259 ]
112077116 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: suppressor of cytokine signaling 3-like [KO:K04696 ]
112071327 inppl1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 2 [KO:K15909 ] [EC:3.1.3.86 ]
Compound
C05981 Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
Authors
Ogawa W, Kasuga M.
Title
[Mechanism of insulin action and diabetes mellitus]
Journal
Seikagaku 75:1332-44 (2003)
Reference
Authors
Bevan P.
Title
Insulin signalling.
Journal
J Cell Sci 114:1429-30 (2001)
Reference
Authors
Kanzaki M, Pessin JE.
Title
Insulin signaling: GLUT4 vesicles exit via the exocyst.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Moodie SA, Alleman-Sposeto J, Gustafson TA.
Title
Identification of the APS protein as a novel insulin receptor substrate.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Gual P, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Tanti JF.
Title
Positive and negative regulation of insulin signaling through IRS-1 phosphorylation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Le Good JA, Ziegler WH, Parekh DB, Alessi DR, Cohen P, Parker PJ.
Title
Protein kinase C isotypes controlled by phosphoinositide 3-kinase through the protein kinase PDK1.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Saltiel AR, Kahn CR.
Title
Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Inoki K, Corradetti MN, Guan KL.
Title
Dysregulation of the TSC-mTOR pathway in human disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ruggero D, Sonenberg N.
Title
The Akt of translational control.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Nave BT, Ouwens M, Withers DJ, Alessi DR, Shepherd PR.
Title
Mammalian target of rapamycin is a direct target for protein kinase B: identification of a convergence point for opposing effects of insulin and amino-acid deficiency on protein translation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Pullen N, Dennis PB, Andjelkovic M, Dufner A, Kozma SC, Hemmings BA, Thomas G.
Title
Phosphorylation and activation of p70s6k by PDK1.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ogawa W, Matozaki T, Kasuga M.
Title
Role of binding proteins to IRS-1 in insulin signalling.
Journal
Mol Cell Biochem 182:13-22 (1998)
Reference
Authors
Ceresa BP, Pessin JE.
Title
Insulin regulation of the Ras activation/inactivation cycle.
Journal
Mol Cell Biochem 182:23-9 (1998)
Reference
Authors
Pollak MN, Schernhammer ES, Hankinson SE.
Title
Insulin-like growth factors and neoplasia.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Datta SR, Dudek H, Tao X, Masters S, Fu H, Gotoh Y, Greenberg ME.
Title
Akt phosphorylation of BAD couples survival signals to the cell-intrinsic death machinery.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ferre P, Foufelle F
Title
SREBP-1c transcription factor and lipid homeostasis: clinical perspective.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Raghow R, Yellaturu C, Deng X, Park EA, Elam MB
Title
SREBPs: the crossroads of physiological and pathological lipid homeostasis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Clement S, Krause U, Desmedt F, Tanti JF, Behrends J, Pesesse X, Sasaki T, Penninger J, Doherty M, Malaisse W, Dumont JE, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Erneux C, Hue L, Schurmans S
Title
The lipid phosphatase SHIP2 controls insulin sensitivity.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Backers K, Blero D, Paternotte N, Zhang J, Erneux C
Title
The termination of PI3K signalling by SHIP1 and SHIP2 inositol 5-phosphatases.
Journal
Related pathway
salp04070 Phosphatidylinositol signaling system
KO pathway
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