Entry
Name
Prion disease - Trachypithecus francoisi (Francois's langur)
Description
Prion diseases, also termed transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), are a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases that affect humans and a number of other animal species. The etiology of these diseases is thought to be associated with the conversion of a normal protein, PrPC, into an infectious, pathogenic form, PrPSc. The conversion is induced by prion infections (for example, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), iatrogenic CJD, Kuru), mutations (familial CJD, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, fatal familial insomnia (FFI)) or unknown factors (sporadic CJD (sCJD)), and is thought to occur after PrPC has reached the plasma membrane or is re-internalized for degradation. The PrPSc form shows greater protease resistance than PrPC and accumulates in affected individuals, often in the form of extracellular plaques. Pathways that may lead to neuronal death comprise oxidative stress, regulated activation of complement, ubiquitin-proteasome and endosomal-lysosomal systems, synaptic alterations and dendritic atrophy, corticosteroid response, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. In addition, the conformational transition could lead to the lost of a beneficial activity of the natively folded protein, PrPC.
Class
Human Diseases; Neurodegenerative disease
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Disease
Organism
Trachypithecus francoisi (Francois's langur) [GN:
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Gene
117064141 NDUFV2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 2, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03943 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
117064180 PPP3CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
117064675 SDHA; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00234 ] [EC:1.3.5.1 ]
117064716 NDUFS6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 6, mitochondrial [KO:K03939 ]
117065109 NDUFS4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03937 ]
117065206 PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
117065757 NDUFA2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 [KO:K03946 ]
117065867 VDAC1; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 [KO:K05862 ]
117066643 GRIN2C; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C isoform X1 [KO:K05211 ]
117067078 PSMD3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K03033 ]
117067177 ATP5MC1; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K02128 ]
117067390 PSMD12; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 12 [KO:K03035 ]
117067435 PSMC5; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 8 isoform X1 [KO:K03066 ]
117067543 PSMD11; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11 isoform X1 [KO:K03036 ]
117068386 NDUFB8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial [KO:K03964 ]
117069039 ADRM1; proteasomal ubiquitin receptor ADRM1 isoform X1 [KO:K06691 ]
117069444 EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237 ]
117069640 PSMC6; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 10B isoform X1 [KO:K03064 ]
117071524 NDUFB1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03957 ]
117072292 NDUFA5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 [KO:K03949 ]
117072298 NDUFB2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03958 ]
117072944 CREB5; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K09047 ]
117073294 SDHD; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00237 ]
117073578 CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048 ]
117073672 RAC1; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04392 ]
117074342 SDHC; succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00236 ]
117074574 HSPA6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: heat shock 70 kDa protein 6 [KO:K03283 ]
117074672 PSMD4; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 4 isoform X1 [KO:K03029 ]
117075022 PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649 ]
117075642 CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
117075723 NDUFA11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11 isoform X1 [KO:K03956 ]
117076037 ATP5PB; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit B1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02127 ]
117076186 NDUFB7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03963 ]
117076373 NDUFS2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03935 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
117076644 NDUFA13; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13 isoform X1 [KO:K11353 ]
117076663 NDUFS7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03940 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
117076742 NDUFA7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03951 ]
117076828 CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S isoform X1 [KO:K04857 ]
117077312 NDUFA1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03945 ]
117077518 CACNA1F; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F [KO:K04853 ]
117078337 NDUFB11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial [KO:K11351 ]
117079542 NDUFB9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9 [KO:K03965 ]
117079895 CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048 ]
117080186 NDUFS3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03936 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
117080942 NDUFS8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03941 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
117081580 PSMD13; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 13 isoform X1 [KO:K03039 ]
117082510 ATP5F1C; ATP synthase subunit gamma, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02136 ]
117082599 PPP3CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
117082746 VDAC2; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K15040 ]
117083004 CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851 ]
117083084 PSMD6; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 6 isoform X1 [KO:K03037 ]
117083173 ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
117083450 NDUFB4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4 [KO:K03960 ]
117083761 PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
117083769 NDUFB5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03961 ]
117083822 PSMD2; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 2 [KO:K03028 ]
117084122 PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
117085925 NDUFC1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K03967 ]
117086963 HSPA1A; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: heat shock 70 kDa protein 1A [KO:K03283 ]
117086987 ATF6B; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 beta isoform X1 [KO:K09049 ]
117087981 PSMD7; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 7 [KO:K03038 ]
117089263 PSMD9; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 9 [KO:K06693 ]
117089565 APAF1; apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K02084 ]
117089604 NDUFA12; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12 isoform X1 [KO:K11352 ]
117089884 DDIT3; DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein isoform X1 [KO:K04452 ]
117089896 NDUFA4L2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2 [KO:K03948 ]
117090028 ATP5MC2; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C2, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02128 ]
117090367 ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04959 ]
117090671 NDUFA9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial [KO:K03953 ]
117092474 PSMD8; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 8 [KO:K03031 ]
117092662 PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
117092829 NDUFS5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K03938 ]
117093155 C1QC; complement C1q subcomponent subunit C isoform X1 [KO:K03988 ]
117093193 PPP3CC; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
117093237 SDHB; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00235 ] [EC:1.3.5.1 ]
117093348 PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
117093658 NDUFA3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3 isoform X1 [KO:K03947 ]
117094305 NDUFA10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03954 ]
117094392 PSMD1; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1 [KO:K03032 ]
117094598 CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870 ]
117094614 NDUFS1; NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03934 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
117094831 ATP5MC3; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C3, mitochondrial [KO:K02128 ]
117094833 ATF2; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04450 ]
117094952 PSMD14; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 14 [KO:K03030 ]
117095227 NDUFB3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03959 ]
117095627 ATP5PF; ATP synthase-coupling factor 6, mitochondrial [KO:K02131 ]
117095701 VDAC3; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K15041 ]
117095835 NDUFV3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 3, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03944 ]
117096387 NDUFA6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03950 ]
117096463 ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374 ]
117097828 NDUFB10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 [KO:K03966 ]
117098709 NDUFB6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6 isoform X1 [KO:K03962 ]
117098726 NDUFA8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 isoform X1 [KO:K03952 ]
117098894 GRIN3A; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A isoform X1 [KO:K05213 ]
117099006 CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048 ]
117099070 CACNA1B; voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B isoform X1 [KO:K04849 ]
117099100 GRIN1; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05208 ]
Compound
Reference
Authors
Saa P, Harris DA, Cervenakova L
Title
Mechanisms of prion-induced neurodegeneration.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Goold R, McKinnon C, Tabrizi SJ
Title
Prion degradation pathways: Potential for therapeutic intervention.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Soto C, Satani N
Title
The intricate mechanisms of neurodegeneration in prion diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mays CE, Soto C
Title
The stress of prion disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Jones E, Mead S
Title
Genetic risk factors for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kovacs GG, Budka H
Title
Prion diseases: from protein to cell pathology.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Campana V, Sarnataro D, Zurzolo C
Title
The highways and byways of prion protein trafficking.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Caughey B, Baron GS
Title
Prions and their partners in crime.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Chiesa R, Harris DA
Title
Prion diseases: what is the neurotoxic molecule?
Journal
Reference
Authors
Fasano C, Campana V, Zurzolo C
Title
Prions: protein only or something more? Overview of potential prion cofactors.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Roucou X, Gains M, LeBlanc AC
Title
Neuroprotective functions of prion protein.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Harris DA
Title
Cellular biology of prion diseases.
Journal
Clin Microbiol Rev 12:429-44 (1999)
Reference
Authors
Novakofski J, Brewer MS, Mateus-Pinilla N, Killefer J, McCusker RH
Title
Prion biology relevant to bovine spongiform encephalopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Peggion C, Bertoli A, Sorgato MC
Title
Almost a century of prion protein(s): From pathology to physiology, and back to pathology.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ryskalin L, Busceti CL, Biagioni F, Limanaqi F, Familiari P, Frati A, Fornai F
Title
Prion Protein in Glioblastoma Multiforme.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ureshino RP, Erustes AG, Bassani TB, Wachilewski P, Guarache GC, Nascimento AC, Costa AJ, Smaili SS, Pereira GJDS
Title
The Interplay between Ca(2+) Signaling Pathways and Neurodegeneration.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Meneghetti E, Gasperini L, Virgilio T, Moda F, Tagliavini F, Benetti F, Legname G
Title
Prions Strongly Reduce NMDA Receptor S-Nitrosylation Levels at Pre-symptomatic and Terminal Stages of Prion Diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Song Z, Zhao D, Yang L
Title
Molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration mediated by dysfunctional subcellular organelles in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Halliday M, Hughes D, Mallucci GR
Title
Fine-tuning PERK signaling for neuroprotection.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hughes D, Halliday M
Title
What Is Our Current Understanding of PrP(Sc)-Associated Neurotoxicity and Its Molecular Underpinnings?
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hetz C, Mollereau B
Title
Disturbance of endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis in neurodegenerative diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hughes D, Mallucci GR
Title
The unfolded protein response in neurodegenerative disorders - therapeutic modulation of the PERK pathway.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Doyle KM, Kennedy D, Gorman AM, Gupta S, Healy SJ, Samali A
Title
Unfolded proteins and endoplasmic reticulum stress in neurodegenerative disorders.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ferreiro E, Oliveira CR, Pereira CM
Title
The release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum induced by amyloid-beta and prion peptides activates the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ferreiro E, Resende R, Costa R, Oliveira CR, Pereira CM
Title
An endoplasmic-reticulum-specific apoptotic pathway is involved in prion and amyloid-beta peptides neurotoxicity.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Torres M, Encina G, Soto C, Hetz C
Title
Abnormal calcium homeostasis and protein folding stress at the ER: A common factor in familial and infectious prion disorders.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ciechanover A, Kwon YT
Title
Degradation of misfolded proteins in neurodegenerative diseases: therapeutic targets and strategies.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kristiansen M, Deriziotis P, Dimcheff DE, Jackson GS, Ovaa H, Naumann H, Clarke AR, van Leeuwen FW, Menendez-Benito V, Dantuma NP, Portis JL, Collinge J, Tabrizi SJ
Title
Disease-associated prion protein oligomers inhibit the 26S proteasome.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Wang HG, Pathan N, Ethell IM, Krajewski S, Yamaguchi Y, Shibasaki F, McKeon F, Bobo T, Franke TF, Reed JC.
Title
Ca2+-induced apoptosis through calcineurin dephosphorylation of BAD.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hetz C, Russelakis-Carneiro M, Maundrell K, Castilla J, Soto C
Title
Caspase-12 and endoplasmic reticulum stress mediate neurotoxicity of pathological prion protein.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Zamponi E, Pigino GF
Title
Protein Misfolding, Signaling Abnormalities and Altered Fast Axonal Transport: Implications for Alzheimer and Prion Diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Zamponi E, Buratti F, Cataldi G, Caicedo HH, Song Y, Jungbauer LM, LaDu MJ, Bisbal M, Lorenzo A, Ma J, Helguera PR, Morfini GA, Brady ST, Pigino GF
Title
Prion protein inhibits fast axonal transport through a mechanism involving casein kinase 2.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Schneider B, Pietri M, Pradines E, Loubet D, Launay JM, Kellermann O, Mouillet-Richard S
Title
Understanding the neurospecificity of Prion protein signaling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Didonna A
Title
Prion protein and its role in signal transduction.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Shah SZA, Zhao D, Hussain T, Yang L
Title
The Role of Unfolded Protein Response and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling in Neurodegenerative Diseases with Special Focus on Prion Diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Marella M, Gaggioli C, Batoz M, Deckert M, Tartare-Deckert S, Chabry J
Title
Pathological prion protein exposure switches on neuronal mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway resulting in microglia recruitment.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ishikura N, Clever JL, Bouzamondo-Bernstein E, Samayoa E, Prusiner SB, Huang EJ, DeArmond SJ
Title
Notch-1 activation and dendritic atrophy in prion disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Dearmond SJ, Bajsarowicz K
Title
PrPSc accumulation in neuronal plasma membranes links Notch-1 activation to dendritic degeneration in prion diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hirsch TZ, Martin-Lanneree S, Reine F, Hernandez-Rapp J, Herzog L, Dron M, Privat N, Passet B, Halliez S, Villa-Diaz A, Lacroux C, Klein V, Haik S, Andreoletti O, Torres JM, Vilotte JL, Beringue V, Mouillet-Richard S
Title
Epigenetic Control of the Notch and Eph Signaling Pathways by the Prion Protein: Implications for Prion Diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Aguzzi A, Zhu C
Title
Microglia in prion diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mabbott NA
Title
The complement system in prion diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mallucci G, Collinge J
Title
Rational targeting for prion therapeutics.
Journal
Related pathway
tfn04141 Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
tfn04610 Complement and coagulation cascades
KO pathway