KEGG   PATHWAY: biu04725
Entry
biu04725                    Pathway                                
Name
Cholinergic synapse - Bos indicus (zebu cattle)
Description
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central (and also peripheral, autonomic and enteric) nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, ACh facilitates many functions, such as learning, memory, attention and motor control. When released in the synaptic cleft, ACh binds to two distinct types of receptors: Ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). The activation of nAChR by ACh leads to the rapid influx of Na+ and Ca2+ and subsequent cellular depolarization. Activation of mAChRs is relatively slow (milliseconds to seconds) and, depending on the subtypes present (M1-M5), they directly alter cellular homeostasis of phospholipase C, inositol trisphosphate, cAMP, and free calcium. In the cleft, ACh may also be hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) into choline and acetate. The choline derived from ACh hydrolysis is recovered by a presynaptic high-affinity choline transporter (CHT).
Class
Organismal Systems; Nervous system
Pathway map
biu04725  Cholinergic synapse
biu04725

Other DBs
GO: 0032222
Organism
Bos indicus (zebu cattle) [GN:biu]
Gene
109553654  CHAT; choline O-acetyltransferase [KO:K00623] [EC:2.3.1.6]
109578757  ACHE; acetylcholinesterase isoform X1 [KO:K01049] [EC:3.1.1.7]
109553705  SLC18A3; vesicular acetylcholine transporter [KO:K14636]
109554719  CHRM1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 [KO:K04129]
109553948  CHRM3; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 [KO:K04131]
109564896  CHRM5; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 [KO:K04133]
109562978  GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634]
109561778  GNA11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 [KO:K04635]
109554384  PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
109567852  PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
109567854  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
109564927  PLCB2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
109576135  ITPR1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 [KO:K04958]
109558547  ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 [KO:K04959]
109576552  ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960]
109573366  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
109578560  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
109572998  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
109554156  KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 [KO:K04926]
109567655  KCNQ2; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 [KO:K04927]
109568184  KCNQ3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3 [KO:K04928]
109556439  KCNQ4; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 4 [KO:K04929]
109563456  KCNQ5; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5 [KO:K04930]
109574141  KCNJ2; inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K04996]
109573917  KCNJ12; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 12 [KO:K05005]
109571775  KCNJ14; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 14 [KO:K05007]
109557673  CHRM2; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 [KO:K04130]
109569900  CHRM4; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 [KO:K04132]
109557337  GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630]
109576257  GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630]
109555970  GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(k) subunit alpha [KO:K04630]
109572786  GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04534]
109570386  GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536]
109578415  GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537]
109558919  GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K07825]
109557856  GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 [KO:K04538]
109565125  GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 [KO:K04539]
109554309  GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540]
109553666  GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541]
109556134  GNG5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542]
109561787  GNG7; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543]
109573005  GNG8; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 [KO:K04544]
109558211  GNG11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546]
109556958  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546]
109561546  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: uncharacterized LOC105372280 homolog [KO:K04347]
109556175  GNG12; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12 [KO:K04347]
109578787  GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 [KO:K04547]
109558062  GNGT1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548]
109574071  GNGT2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 [KO:K04549]
109567564  KCNJ3; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 [KO:K04997]
109564739  KCNJ6; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K05000]
109557383  PIK3CG; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform [KO:K21289] [EC:2.7.1.153]
109574415  PIK3R6; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 6 [KO:K21290]
109573250  PIK3R5; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 [KO:K21290]
109560940  GTPase HRas-like [KO:K02833]
109559581  KRAS; GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
109555890  NRAS; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
109564697  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
109578667  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109570973  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
109565363  FOS; proto-oncogene c-Fos [KO:K04379]
109575699  CHRNA7; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 [KO:K04809]
109567794  CHRNA4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 [KO:K04806]
109554098  CHRNB2; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 [KO:K04813]
109575613  CHRNA3; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04805]
109575779  CHRNB4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 [KO:K04815]
109553360  CHRNA6; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 isoform X1 [KO:K04808]
109557525  ADCY1; adenylate cyclase type 1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
109574822  ADCY2; adenylate cyclase type 2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
109566330  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase type 3 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
109564199  ADCY4; adenylate cyclase type 4 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
109555842  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
109559159  ADCY6; adenylate cyclase type 6 isoform X1 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
109572478  ADCY7; adenylate cyclase type 7 isoform X1 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
109568647  ADCY8; adenylate cyclase type 8 isoform X1 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
109578364  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase type 9 isoform X1 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
109556827  PRKACB; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
109561498  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
109570093  CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870]
109559832  ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
109554418  CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
109557676  CREB3L2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048]
109563018  CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
109569868  CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048]
109561750  CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
109557489  CREB5; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K09047]
109553698  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
109560236  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
109557541  CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
109562200  CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
109562906  JAK2; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 isoform X1 [KO:K04447] [EC:2.7.10.2]
109563811  FYN; tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn isoform X1 [KO:K05703] [EC:2.7.10.2]
109559805  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
109570415  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
109557823  PIK3CA; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
109574805  PIK3R1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha [KO:K02649]
109561418  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
109556345  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
109572496  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109570286  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
109577782  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02161]
109560900  CACNA1A; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A [KO:K04344]
109558615  CACNA1C; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C [KO:K04850]
109576190  CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851]
109554975  CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F isoform X1 [KO:K04853]
109565747  SLC5A7; high affinity choline transporter 1 [KO:K14387]
Compound
C00010  CoA
C00024  Acetyl-CoA
C00033  Acetate
C00076  Calcium cation
C00114  Choline
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00238  Potassium cation
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01330  Sodium cation
C01996  Acetylcholine
C04637  1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate
Reference
  Authors
Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Malenka RC.
  Title
Molecular neuropharmacology: A foundation for clinical neuroscience
  Journal
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (2001)
Reference
  Authors
Nicholls JG, Martin AR, Wallace BG, Fuchs PA.
  Title
From neuron to brain, 4th ed.
  Journal
Sunderland, MA: Sinauer associates (2001)
Reference
PMID:15165747
  Authors
Dajas-Bailador F, Wonnacott S
  Title
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the regulation of neuronal signalling.
  Journal
Trends Pharmacol Sci 25:317-24 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.tips.2004.04.006
Reference
PMID:19712465
  Authors
Resende RR, Adhikari A
  Title
Cholinergic receptor pathways involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation.
  Journal
Cell Commun Signal 7:20 (2009)
DOI:10.1186/1478-811X-7-20
Reference
PMID:19378880
  Authors
Origlia N, Kuczewski N, Pesavento E, Aztiria E, Domenici L
  Title
The role of cholinergic system in neuronal plasticity: focus on visual cortex and muscarinic receptors.
  Journal
Arch Ital Biol 146:165-88 (2008)
Reference
PMID:21550798
  Authors
Oldenburg IA, Ding JB
  Title
Cholinergic modulation of synaptic integration and dendritic excitability in the striatum.
  Journal
Curr Opin Neurobiol 21:425-32 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.conb.2011.04.004
Reference
PMID:12893537
  Authors
Lanzafame AA, Christopoulos A, Mitchelson F
  Title
Cellular signaling mechanisms for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
  Journal
Receptors Channels 9:241-60 (2003)
DOI:10.3109/10606820308263
Reference
PMID:20446119
  Authors
Brown DA
  Title
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the nervous system: some functions and mechanisms.
  Journal
J Mol Neurosci 41:340-6 (2010)
DOI:10.1007/s12031-010-9377-2
Reference
PMID:11738031
  Authors
Chang KT, Berg DK
  Title
Voltage-gated channels block nicotinic regulation of CREB phosphorylation and gene expression in neurons.
  Journal
Neuron 32:855-65 (2001)
DOI:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00516-5
Reference
PMID:11283752
  Authors
Soreq H, Seidman S
  Title
Acetylcholinesterase--new roles for an old actor.
  Journal
Nat Rev Neurosci 2:294-302 (2001)
DOI:10.1038/35067589
Reference
PMID:12436417
  Authors
Sharma G, Vijayaraghavan S
  Title
Nicotinic receptor signaling in nonexcitable cells.
  Journal
J Neurobiol 53:524-34 (2002)
DOI:10.1002/neu.10114
Reference
PMID:11923408
  Authors
Araque A, Martin ED, Perea G, Arellano JI, Buno W
  Title
Synaptically released acetylcholine evokes Ca2+ elevations in astrocytes in hippocampal slices.
  Journal
J Neurosci 22:2443-50 (2002)
DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-07-02443.2002
Reference
PMID:12690458
  Authors
Lucas-Meunier E, Fossier P, Baux G, Amar M
  Title
Cholinergic modulation of the cortical neuronal network.
  Journal
Pflugers Arch 446:17-29 (2003)
DOI:10.1007/s00424-002-0999-2
Reference
PMID:20060019
  Authors
Abreu-Villaca Y, Filgueiras CC, Manhaes AC
  Title
Developmental aspects of the cholinergic system.
  Journal
Behav Brain Res 221:367-78 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.049
Related
pathway
biu00564  Glycerophospholipid metabolism
biu04010  MAPK signaling pathway
biu04020  Calcium signaling pathway
biu04721  Synaptic vesicle cycle
biu04975  Fat digestion and absorption
KO pathway
ko04725   
LinkDB

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