KEGG   PATHWAY: epz04725
Entry
epz04725                    Pathway                                
Name
Cholinergic synapse - Equus przewalskii (Przewalski's horse)
Description
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central (and also peripheral, autonomic and enteric) nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, ACh facilitates many functions, such as learning, memory, attention and motor control. When released in the synaptic cleft, ACh binds to two distinct types of receptors: Ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). The activation of nAChR by ACh leads to the rapid influx of Na+ and Ca2+ and subsequent cellular depolarization. Activation of mAChRs is relatively slow (milliseconds to seconds) and, depending on the subtypes present (M1-M5), they directly alter cellular homeostasis of phospholipase C, inositol trisphosphate, cAMP, and free calcium. In the cleft, ACh may also be hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) into choline and acetate. The choline derived from ACh hydrolysis is recovered by a presynaptic high-affinity choline transporter (CHT).
Class
Organismal Systems; Nervous system
Pathway map
epz04725  Cholinergic synapse
epz04725

Other DBs
GO: 0032222
Organism
Equus przewalskii (Przewalski's horse) [GN:epz]
Gene
103552164  CHAT; choline O-acetyltransferase [KO:K00623] [EC:2.3.1.6]
103555645  ACHE; acetylcholinesterase (Cartwright blood group) [KO:K01049] [EC:3.1.1.7]
103552169  SLC18A3; solute carrier family 18 member A3 [KO:K14636]
103558955  CHRM1; cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1 [KO:K04129]
103551192  CHRM3; cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 [KO:K04131]
103548530  CHRM5; cholinergic receptor muscarinic 5 [KO:K04133]
103553450  GNAQ; G protein subunit alpha q [KO:K04634]
103543382  guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11-like [KO:K04635]
103562440  PLCB1; phospholipase C beta 1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103559733  PLCB4; phospholipase C beta 4 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103561633  PLCB2; phospholipase C beta 2 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103542193  PLCB3; phospholipase C beta 3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103550297  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 [KO:K04958]
103546630  ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 [KO:K04959]
103548182  inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2-like [KO:K04959]
103564724  ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960]
103558165  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103556196  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103547990  KCNQ3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 3 [KO:K04928]
103552564  KCNQ4; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 4 [KO:K04929]
103557257  KCNQ5; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 5 [KO:K04930]
103552376  KCNJ2; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily J member 2 [KO:K04996]
103563093  KCNJ12; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily J member 12 [KO:K05005]
103567019  KCNJ4; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily J member 4 [KO:K04998]
103541381  KCNJ14; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily J member 14 [KO:K05007]
103561369  CHRM2; cholinergic receptor muscarinic 2 [KO:K04130]
103566518  CHRM4; cholinergic receptor muscarinic 4 [KO:K04132]
103552141  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1-like [KO:K04630]
103553052  GNAI3; G protein subunit alpha i3 [KO:K04630]
103557343  GNAI2; G protein subunit alpha i2 [KO:K04630]
103555391  GNAO1; G protein subunit alpha o1 [KO:K04534]
103567413  GNB1; G protein subunit beta 1 [KO:K04536]
103555641  GNB2; G protein subunit beta 2 [KO:K04537]
103547020  GNB3; G protein subunit beta 3 [KO:K07825]
103551737  GNB4; G protein subunit beta 4 [KO:K04538]
103548465  GNB5; G protein subunit beta 5 [KO:K04539]
103543306  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 [KO:K07826]
103558941  GNG3; G protein subunit gamma 3 [KO:K04540]
103547680  GNG4; G protein subunit gamma 4 [KO:K04541]
103557283  GNG5; G protein subunit gamma 5 [KO:K04542]
103542500  GNG8; G protein subunit gamma 8 [KO:K04544]
103542169  GNG11; G protein subunit gamma 11 [KO:K04546]
103564847  GNG12; G protein subunit gamma 12 [KO:K04347]
103542772  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04347]
103565302  GNG13; G protein subunit gamma 13 [KO:K04547]
103568001  GNGT1; G protein subunit gamma transducin 1 [KO:K04548]
103551067  GNGT2; G protein subunit gamma transducin 2 [KO:K04549]
103555321  KCNJ3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily J member 3 [KO:K04997]
103564035  KCNJ6; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily J member 6 [KO:K05000]
103557800  PIK3CG; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma [KO:K21289] [EC:2.7.1.153]
103564501  PIK3R5; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 [KO:K21290]
103564503  PIK3R6; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 6 [KO:K21290]
103567332  HRAS; HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase [KO:K02833]
103546629  KRAS; KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase [KO:K07827]
103552675  NRAS; neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog [KO:K07828]
103549630  MAP2K1; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
103547261  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103562408  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103548618  FOS; Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit [KO:K04379]
103562081  neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 [KO:K04809]
103562120  CHRNA4; cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit [KO:K04806]
103555419  CHRNB2; cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 2 subunit [KO:K04813]
103560066  CHRNA3; cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 3 subunit [KO:K04805]
103560063  CHRNB4; cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 4 subunit [KO:K04815]
103540503  CHRNA6; cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 6 subunit [KO:K04808]
103550430  ADCY1; adenylate cyclase 1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103562505  adenylate cyclase type 2-like [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103547823  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase 3 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103561050  ADCY4; adenylate cyclase 4 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103563830  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103563634  ADCY6; adenylate cyclase 6 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103556685  ADCY7; adenylate cyclase 7 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103565019  adenylate cyclase type 8-like [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103567623  ADCY8; adenylate cyclase 8 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103553014  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase 9 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103557289  PRKACB; protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit beta [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
103565953  PRKACA; protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
103548908  CREB1; cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 [KO:K05870]
103565289  ATF4; activating transcription factor 4 [KO:K04374]
103566499  CREB3L1; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 1 [KO:K09048]
103560297  CREB3; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 [KO:K09048]
103564266  CREB3L2; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 2 [KO:K09048]
103555399  CREB3L4; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 4 [KO:K09048]
103549839  CREB5; cAMP responsive element binding protein 5 [KO:K09047]
103549465  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II gamma [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103549616  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II delta [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103549121  CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II alpha [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103554952  CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II beta [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103550069  CAMK4; calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase IV [KO:K05869] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103554269  JAK2; Janus kinase 2 [KO:K04447] [EC:2.7.10.2]
103547543  FYN; FYN proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase [KO:K05703] [EC:2.7.10.2]
103549076  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
103554655  phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform-like [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
103552150  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
103548220  PIK3R1; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 [KO:K02649]
103551868  PIK3R3; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K02649]
103561550  PIK3R2; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 2 [KO:K02649]
103560497  AKT2; AKT serine/threonine kinase 2 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103540249  AKT1; AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103555421  AKT3; AKT serine/threonine kinase 3 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103550767  BCL2; BCL2, apoptosis regulator [KO:K02161]
103566268  CACNA1A; calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 A [KO:K04344]
103554173  CACNA1B; calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 B [KO:K04849]
103560754  voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D [KO:K04851]
103543955  CACNA1F; calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 F [KO:K04853]
103565109  CACNA1S; calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 S [KO:K04857]
103562627  SLC5A7; solute carrier family 5 member 7 [KO:K14387]
Compound
C00010  CoA
C00024  Acetyl-CoA
C00033  Acetate
C00076  Calcium cation
C00114  Choline
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00238  Potassium cation
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01330  Sodium cation
C01996  Acetylcholine
C04637  1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate
Reference
  Authors
Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Malenka RC.
  Title
Molecular neuropharmacology: A foundation for clinical neuroscience
  Journal
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (2001)
Reference
  Authors
Nicholls JG, Martin AR, Wallace BG, Fuchs PA.
  Title
From neuron to brain, 4th ed.
  Journal
Sunderland, MA: Sinauer associates (2001)
Reference
PMID:15165747
  Authors
Dajas-Bailador F, Wonnacott S
  Title
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the regulation of neuronal signalling.
  Journal
Trends Pharmacol Sci 25:317-24 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.tips.2004.04.006
Reference
PMID:19712465
  Authors
Resende RR, Adhikari A
  Title
Cholinergic receptor pathways involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation.
  Journal
Cell Commun Signal 7:20 (2009)
DOI:10.1186/1478-811X-7-20
Reference
PMID:19378880
  Authors
Origlia N, Kuczewski N, Pesavento E, Aztiria E, Domenici L
  Title
The role of cholinergic system in neuronal plasticity: focus on visual cortex and muscarinic receptors.
  Journal
Arch Ital Biol 146:165-88 (2008)
Reference
PMID:21550798
  Authors
Oldenburg IA, Ding JB
  Title
Cholinergic modulation of synaptic integration and dendritic excitability in the striatum.
  Journal
Curr Opin Neurobiol 21:425-32 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.conb.2011.04.004
Reference
PMID:12893537
  Authors
Lanzafame AA, Christopoulos A, Mitchelson F
  Title
Cellular signaling mechanisms for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
  Journal
Receptors Channels 9:241-60 (2003)
DOI:10.3109/10606820308263
Reference
PMID:20446119
  Authors
Brown DA
  Title
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the nervous system: some functions and mechanisms.
  Journal
J Mol Neurosci 41:340-6 (2010)
DOI:10.1007/s12031-010-9377-2
Reference
PMID:11738031
  Authors
Chang KT, Berg DK
  Title
Voltage-gated channels block nicotinic regulation of CREB phosphorylation and gene expression in neurons.
  Journal
Neuron 32:855-65 (2001)
DOI:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00516-5
Reference
PMID:11283752
  Authors
Soreq H, Seidman S
  Title
Acetylcholinesterase--new roles for an old actor.
  Journal
Nat Rev Neurosci 2:294-302 (2001)
DOI:10.1038/35067589
Reference
PMID:12436417
  Authors
Sharma G, Vijayaraghavan S
  Title
Nicotinic receptor signaling in nonexcitable cells.
  Journal
J Neurobiol 53:524-34 (2002)
DOI:10.1002/neu.10114
Reference
PMID:11923408
  Authors
Araque A, Martin ED, Perea G, Arellano JI, Buno W
  Title
Synaptically released acetylcholine evokes Ca2+ elevations in astrocytes in hippocampal slices.
  Journal
J Neurosci 22:2443-50 (2002)
DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-07-02443.2002
Reference
PMID:12690458
  Authors
Lucas-Meunier E, Fossier P, Baux G, Amar M
  Title
Cholinergic modulation of the cortical neuronal network.
  Journal
Pflugers Arch 446:17-29 (2003)
DOI:10.1007/s00424-002-0999-2
Reference
PMID:20060019
  Authors
Abreu-Villaca Y, Filgueiras CC, Manhaes AC
  Title
Developmental aspects of the cholinergic system.
  Journal
Behav Brain Res 221:367-78 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.049
Related
pathway
epz00564  Glycerophospholipid metabolism
epz04010  MAPK signaling pathway
epz04020  Calcium signaling pathway
epz04721  Synaptic vesicle cycle
epz04975  Fat digestion and absorption
KO pathway
ko04725   
LinkDB

DBGET integrated database retrieval system