KEGG   PATHWAY: prob05230
Entry
prob05230                   Pathway                                
Name
Central carbon metabolism in cancer - Phodopus roborovskii (desert hamster)
Description
Malignant transformation of cells requires specific adaptations of cellular metabolism to support growth and survival. In the early twentieth century, Otto Warburg established that there are fundamental differences in the central metabolic pathways operating in malignant tissue. He showed that cancer cells consume a large amount of glucose, maintain high rate of glycolysis and convert a majority of glucose into lactic acid even under normal oxygen concentrations (Warburg's Effects). More recently, it has been recognized that the 'Warburg effect' encompasses a similarly increased utilization of glutamine. From the intermediate molecules provided by enhanced glycolysis and glutaminolysis, cancer cells synthesize most of the macromolecules required for the duplication of their biomass and genome. These cancer-specific alterations represent a major consequence of genetic mutations and the ensuing changes of signalling pathways in cancer cells. Three transcription factors, c-MYC, HIF-1 and p53, are key regulators and coordinate regulation of cancer metabolism in different ways, and many other oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes cluster along the signaling pathways that regulate c-MYC, HIF-1 and p53.
Class
Human Diseases; Cancer: overview
Pathway map
prob05230  Central carbon metabolism in cancer
prob05230

Organism
Phodopus roborovskii (desert hamster) [GN:prob]
Gene
127225264  Slc2a1; solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 [KO:K07299]
127223358  Slc2a2; solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 2 [KO:K07593]
127233921  Gck; hexokinase-4 isoform X1 [KO:K12407] [EC:2.7.1.2]
127234367  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: pyruvate kinase PKM-like [KO:K00873] [EC:2.7.1.40]
127229369  pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, testis-specific form, mitochondrial [KO:K00161] [EC:1.2.4.1]
127217899  Pdha1; pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, somatic form, mitochondrial [KO:K00161] [EC:1.2.4.1]
127230144  pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta, mitochondrial-like [KO:K00162] [EC:1.2.4.1]
127238207  Pdhb; pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta, mitochondrial [KO:K00162] [EC:1.2.4.1]
127222421  Pdk1; pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) kinase isozyme 1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K12077] [EC:2.7.11.2]
127219059  Tp53; cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform X1 [KO:K04451]
127231704  cellular tumor antigen p53-like [KO:K04451]
127225956  protein SCO2 homolog, mitochondrial [KO:K23755]
127238427  Slc1a5; neutral amino acid transporter B(0) [KO:K05616]
127228513  Sirt3; NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-3, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K11413] [EC:2.3.1.286]
127220573  Slc16a3; monocarboxylate transporter 4 [KO:K08180]
127216568  Sirt6; NAD-dependent protein deacylase sirtuin-6 isoform X1 [KO:K11416] [EC:2.3.1.286]
127235215  Myc; myc proto-oncogene protein [KO:K04377]
127230692  Hif1a; hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha isoform X1 [KO:K08268]
127232399  Kit; mast/stem cell growth factor receptor Kit isoform X1 [KO:K05091] [EC:2.7.10.1]
127215335  Met; hepatocyte growth factor receptor [KO:K05099] [EC:2.7.10.1]
127236239  Ret; proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Ret [KO:K05126] [EC:2.7.10.1]
127233970  Egfr; epidermal growth factor receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
127215359  Erbb2; receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 [KO:K05083] [EC:2.7.10.1]
127232683  Ntrk1; high affinity nerve growth factor receptor [KO:K03176] [EC:2.7.10.1]
127238144  Ntrk3; NT-3 growth factor receptor [KO:K05101] [EC:2.7.10.1]
127232306  Pdgfra; platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04363] [EC:2.7.10.1]
127234263  Pdgfrb; platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta isoform X1 [KO:K05089] [EC:2.7.10.1]
127220342  Fgfr1; fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04362] [EC:2.7.10.1]
127228434  Fgfr2; fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05093] [EC:2.7.10.1]
127233728  Fgfr3; fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05094] [EC:2.7.10.1]
127237147  Flt3; receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase FLT3 isoform X1 [KO:K05092] [EC:2.7.10.1]
127228530  Hras; GTPase HRas [KO:K02833]
127213087  Kras; GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
127233129  Nras; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
127236205  Raf1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
127231875  Map2k1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
127216563  Map2k2; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
127228340  Mapk3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
127216731  mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
127226948  Mapk1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
127215638  Gls2; glutaminase liver isoform, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K01425] [EC:3.5.1.2]
127226207  Gls; glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K01425] [EC:3.5.1.2]
127216439  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase-like [KO:K00036] [EC:1.1.1.49 1.1.1.363]
127217357  G6pd; glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase isoform X1 [KO:K00036] [EC:1.1.1.49 1.1.1.363]
127229204  Hk3; hexokinase-3 [KO:K00844] [EC:2.7.1.1]
127235467  Hk2; hexokinase-2 [KO:K00844] [EC:2.7.1.1]
127224002  Hk1; hexokinase-1 isoform X1 [KO:K00844] [EC:2.7.1.1]
127224033  Hkdc1; hexokinase HKDC1 [KO:K00844] [EC:2.7.1.1]
127229794  Pfkp; ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase, platelet type isoform X1 [KO:K00850] [EC:2.7.1.11]
127224156  Pfkl; ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase, liver type isoform X1 [KO:K00850] [EC:2.7.1.11]
127226018  Pfkm; ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase, muscle type isoform X1 [KO:K00850] [EC:2.7.1.11]
127237556  phosphoglycerate mutase 1-like [KO:K01834] [EC:5.4.2.11]
127238064  phosphoglycerate mutase 1-like [KO:K01834] [EC:5.4.2.11]
127233316  Pgam1; phosphoglycerate mutase 1 [KO:K01834] [EC:5.4.2.11]
127233974  Pgam2; phosphoglycerate mutase 2 [KO:K01834] [EC:5.4.2.11]
127237742  Ldhal6b; L-lactate dehydrogenase A-like 6B [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
127213088  Ldhb; L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
127213694  L-lactate dehydrogenase C chain [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
127213718  L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain isoform X1 [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
127238160  Idh2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: isocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP], mitochondrial [KO:K00031] [EC:1.1.1.42]
127226387  Idh1; isocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP] cytoplasmic [KO:K00031] [EC:1.1.1.42]
127212954  Tigar; fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase TIGAR [KO:K14634] [EC:3.1.3.46]
127233551  Pten; phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN [KO:K01110] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48 3.1.3.67]
127223328  Pik3ca; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
127238024  Pik3cb; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
127213428  Pik3cd; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
127217216  Pik3r2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
127225197  Pik3r3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
127220972  Pik3r1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha [KO:K02649]
127223664  Akt3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
127231187  Akt1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
127239025  Akt2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
127213510  Mtor; serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]
127234623  Slc7a5; large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1 [KO:K13780]
Compound
C00022  Pyruvate
C00024  Acetyl-CoA
C00025  L-Glutamate
C00026  2-Oxoglutarate
C00031  D-Glucose
C00036  Oxaloacetate
C00037  Glycine
C00041  L-Alanine
C00042  Succinate
C00049  L-Aspartate
C00062  L-Arginine
C00064  L-Glutamine
C00065  L-Serine
C00073  L-Methionine
C00074  Phosphoenolpyruvate
C00078  L-Tryptophan
C00079  L-Phenylalanine
C00082  L-Tyrosine
C00085  D-Fructose 6-phosphate
C00092  D-Glucose 6-phosphate
C00097  L-Cysteine
C00122  Fumarate
C00123  L-Leucine
C00135  L-Histidine
C00148  L-Proline
C00149  (S)-Malate
C00152  L-Asparagine
C00158  Citrate
C00183  L-Valine
C00186  (S)-Lactate
C00197  3-Phospho-D-glycerate
C00311  Isocitrate
C00354  D-Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
C00407  L-Isoleucine
C00631  2-Phospho-D-glycerate
C00665  beta-D-Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
C00704  Superoxide
Reference
PMID:23279446
  Authors
Soga T
  Title
Cancer metabolism: key players in metabolic reprogramming.
  Journal
Cancer Sci 104:275-81 (2013)
DOI:10.1111/cas.12085
Reference
PMID:19460998
  Authors
Vander Heiden MG, Cantley LC, Thompson CB
  Title
Understanding the Warburg effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation.
  Journal
Science 324:1029-33 (2009)
DOI:10.1126/science.1160809
Reference
PMID:23071355
  Authors
Teicher BA, Linehan WM, Helman LJ
  Title
Targeting cancer metabolism.
  Journal
Clin Cancer Res 18:5537-45 (2012)
DOI:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-2587
Reference
PMID:21127244
  Authors
Levine AJ, Puzio-Kuter AM
  Title
The control of the metabolic switch in cancers by oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
  Journal
Science 330:1340-4 (2010)
DOI:10.1126/science.1193494
Reference
PMID:24079832
  Authors
Amoedo ND, Valencia JP, Rodrigues MF, Galina A, Rumjanek FD
  Title
How does the metabolism of tumour cells differ from that of normal cells.
  Journal
Biosci Rep 33:e00080 (2013)
DOI:10.1042/BSR20130066
Reference
PMID:21258394
  Authors
Cairns RA, Harris IS, Mak TW
  Title
Regulation of cancer cell metabolism.
  Journal
Nat Rev Cancer 11:85-95 (2011)
DOI:10.1038/nrc2981
Reference
PMID:22237205
  Authors
Munoz-Pinedo C, El Mjiyad N, Ricci JE
  Title
Cancer metabolism: current perspectives and future directions.
  Journal
Cell Death Dis 3:e248 (2012)
DOI:10.1038/cddis.2011.123
Reference
PMID:22156302
  Authors
Cairns RA, Harris I, McCracken S, Mak TW
  Title
Cancer cell metabolism.
  Journal
Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 76:299-311 (2011)
DOI:10.1101/sqb.2011.76.012856
Reference
PMID:18538731
  Authors
Kroemer G, Pouyssegur J
  Title
Tumor cell metabolism: cancer's Achilles' heel.
  Journal
Cancer Cell 13:472-82 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.ccr.2008.05.005
Reference
PMID:18177721
  Authors
DeBerardinis RJ, Lum JJ, Hatzivassiliou G, Thompson CB
  Title
The biology of cancer: metabolic reprogramming fuels cell growth and proliferation.
  Journal
Cell Metab 7:11-20 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.10.002
Reference
PMID:21508971
  Authors
Koppenol WH, Bounds PL, Dang CV
  Title
Otto Warburg's contributions to current concepts of cancer metabolism.
  Journal
Nat Rev Cancer 11:325-37 (2011)
DOI:10.1038/nrc3038
Reference
PMID:21801601
  Authors
Fogg VC, Lanning NJ, Mackeigan JP
  Title
Mitochondria in cancer: at the crossroads of life and death.
  Journal
Chin J Cancer 30:526-39 (2011)
DOI:10.5732/cjc.011.10018
Reference
PMID:16982728
  Authors
Kim JW, Dang CV
  Title
Cancer's molecular sweet tooth and the Warburg effect.
  Journal
Cancer Res 66:8927-30 (2006)
DOI:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1501
Reference
PMID:18766298
  Authors
Yeung SJ, Pan J, Lee MH
  Title
Roles of p53, MYC and HIF-1 in regulating glycolysis - the seventh hallmark of cancer.
  Journal
Cell Mol Life Sci 65:3981-99 (2008)
DOI:10.1007/s00018-008-8224-x
Reference
PMID:23897900
  Authors
Li B, Simon MC
  Title
Molecular Pathways: Targeting MYC-induced metabolic reprogramming and oncogenic stress in cancer.
  Journal
Clin Cancer Res 19:5835-41 (2013)
DOI:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-3629
Reference
PMID:22307140
  Authors
Shen L, Sun X, Fu Z, Yang G, Li J, Yao L
  Title
The fundamental role of the p53 pathway in tumor metabolism and its implication in tumor therapy.
  Journal
Clin Cancer Res 18:1561-7 (2012)
DOI:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-3040
Reference
PMID:19270154
  Authors
Jones RG, Thompson CB
  Title
Tumor suppressors and cell metabolism: a recipe for cancer growth.
  Journal
Genes Dev 23:537-48 (2009)
DOI:10.1101/gad.1756509
Reference
PMID:21340684
  Authors
Maddocks OD, Vousden KH
  Title
Metabolic regulation by p53.
  Journal
J Mol Med (Berl) 89:237-45 (2011)
DOI:10.1007/s00109-011-0735-5
Reference
PMID:22750268
  Authors
Chen JQ, Russo J
  Title
Dysregulation of glucose transport, glycolysis, TCA cycle and glutaminolysis by oncogenes and tumor suppressors in cancer cells.
  Journal
Biochim Biophys Acta 1826:370-84 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.06.004
Reference
PMID:20520704
  Authors
Kaelin WG Jr, Thompson CB
  Title
Q&A: Cancer: clues from cell metabolism.
  Journal
Nature 465:562-4 (2010)
DOI:10.1038/465562a
Reference
PMID:24113830
  Authors
Galluzzi L, Kepp O, Vander Heiden MG, Kroemer G
  Title
Metabolic targets for cancer therapy.
  Journal
Nat Rev Drug Discov 12:829-46 (2013)
DOI:10.1038/nrd4145
Reference
PMID:24738035
  Authors
Phan LM, Yeung SC, Lee MH
  Title
Cancer metabolic reprogramming: importance, main features, and potentials for precise targeted anti-cancer therapies.
  Journal
Cancer Biol Med 11:1-19 (2014)
DOI:10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2014.01.001
Reference
PMID:22101401
  Authors
Icard P, Poulain L, Lincet H
  Title
Understanding the central role of citrate in the metabolism of cancer cells.
  Journal
Biochim Biophys Acta 1825:111-6 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.10.007
Reference
PMID:22349059
  Authors
Daye D, Wellen KE
  Title
Metabolic reprogramming in cancer: unraveling the role of glutamine in tumorigenesis.
  Journal
Semin Cell Dev Biol 23:362-9 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.02.002
Reference
PMID:23018234
  Authors
Chiarugi A, Dolle C, Felici R, Ziegler M
  Title
The NAD metabolome--a key determinant of cancer cell biology.
  Journal
Nat Rev Cancer 12:741-52 (2012)
DOI:10.1038/nrc3340
Reference
PMID:24398961
  Authors
Guarente L
  Title
The many faces of sirtuins: Sirtuins and the Warburg effect.
  Journal
Nat Med 20:24-5 (2014)
DOI:10.1038/nm.3438
Reference
PMID:15916903
  Authors
Fuchs BC, Bode BP
  Title
Amino acid transporters ASCT2 and LAT1 in cancer: partners in crime?
  Journal
Semin Cancer Biol 15:254-66 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.semcancer.2005.04.005
Related
pathway
prob00010  Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis
prob00020  Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)
prob00030  Pentose phosphate pathway
prob00190  Oxidative phosphorylation
prob00250  Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
prob00260  Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism
prob00330  Arginine and proline metabolism
prob01212  Fatty acid metabolism
prob04010  MAPK signaling pathway
prob04066  HIF-1 signaling pathway
prob04150  mTOR signaling pathway
prob04151  PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko05230   
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