KEGG   PATHWAY: psiu04261
Entry
psiu04261                   Pathway                                
Name
Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes - Phocoena sinus (vaquita)
Description
Cardiac myocytes express at least six subtypes of adrenergic receptor (AR) which include three subtypes of beta-AR (beta-1, beta-2, beta-3) and three subtypes of the alpha-1-AR (alpha-1A, alpha-1B, and alpha-1C). In the human heart the beta-1-AR is the pre- dominate receptor. Acute sympathetic stimulation of cardiac beta-1-ARs induces positive inotropic and chronotropic effects, the most effective mechanism to acutely increase output of the heart, by coupling to Gs, formation of cAMP by adenylyl cyclase (AC), and PKA- dependent phosphorylation of various target proteins (e.g., ryanodine receptor [RyR]; phospholamban [PLB], troponin I [TnI], and the L-type Ca2+ channel [LTCC]). Chronic beta-1-AR stimulation is detrimental and induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis. beta-2-AR coupled to Gs exerts a proapoptotic action as well as beta-1-AR, while beta-2-AR coupled to Gi exerts an antiapoptotic action.
Class
Organismal Systems; Circulatory system
Pathway map
psiu04261  Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes
psiu04261

Other DBs
GO: 0001997
Organism
Phocoena sinus (vaquita) [GN:psiu]
Gene
116741698  ADRB1; beta-1 adrenergic receptor [KO:K04141]
116752214  ADRB2; beta-2 adrenergic receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04142]
116740990  neuroendocrine secretory protein 55-like [KO:K04632]
116740988  GNAS; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms XLas isoform X1 [KO:K04632]
116759445  ADCY1; adenylate cyclase type 1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
116752275  ADCY2; adenylate cyclase type 2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
116764233  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
116749116  ADCY4; adenylate cyclase type 4 isoform X1 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
116753224  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
116760787  ADCY6; adenylate cyclase type 6 isoform X1 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
116744731  ADCY7; adenylate cyclase type 7 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
116742406  ADCY8; adenylate cyclase type 8 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
116740403  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase type 9 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
116763749  BVES; blood vessel epicardial substance isoform X1 [KO:K21108]
116753277  POPDC2; popeye domain-containing protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K26206]
116763758  POPDC3; popeye domain-containing protein 3 [KO:K26207]
116760007  KCNK2; potassium channel subfamily K member 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04913]
116754197  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
116751566  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
116744406  ATP1A3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3 isoform X1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
116738896  ATP1A1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
116755861  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4-like [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
116742064  ATP1A2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
116753189  ATP1B3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K01540]
116746443  ATP1B2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K01540]
116747669  ATP1B4; protein ATP1B4 isoform X1 [KO:K01540]
116758266  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3-like [KO:K01540]
116758154  FXYD2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K01538]
116761037  SLC9A1; sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1 [KO:K05742]
116757840  KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04926]
116753316  KCNE1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 1 [KO:K04894]
116760098  ATP2B1; plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 1 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
116747968  ATP2B3; plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
116748402  ATP2B4; plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 4 isoform X1 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
116762646  ATP2B2; plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
116744196  SLC8A2; sodium/calcium exchanger 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05849]
116749836  SLC8A3; sodium/calcium exchanger 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05849]
116763940  SLC8A1; sodium/calcium exchanger 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05849]
116761970  SCN5A; sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04838]
116756657  SCN7A; sodium channel protein type 7 subunit alpha [KO:K04839]
116744627  SCN1B; sodium channel subunit beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04845]
116758594  SCN4B; sodium channel subunit beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04848]
116760103  CACNA1C; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C [KO:K04850]
116762723  CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851]
116747382  CACNA1F; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F [KO:K04853]
116739924  CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S [KO:K04857]
116746058  CACNB1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-1 [KO:K04862]
116748886  CACNB2; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-2 [KO:K04863]
116760842  CACNB3; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K04864]
116757004  CACNB4; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04865]
116759402  CACNA2D1; voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04858]
116762009  CACNA2D2; voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04859]
116762285  CACNA2D3; voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-3 [KO:K04860]
116761251  CACNA2D4; voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-4 [KO:K04861]
116746298  CACNG1; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-1 subunit [KO:K04866]
116760006  CACNG2; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit [KO:K04867]
116739538  CACNG3; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-3 subunit [KO:K04868]
116745927  CACNG4; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-4 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K04869]
116746064  CACNG5; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-5 subunit [KO:K04870]
116743843  CACNG6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-6 subunit [KO:K04871]
116743848  CACNG7; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-7 subunit [KO:K04872]
116744047  CACNG8; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-8 subunit [KO:K04873]
116744236  CALM3; calmodulin-3 [KO:K02183]
116748386  CALML4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calmodulin-like protein 4 [KO:K02183]
116748713  CALM1; calmodulin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K02183]
116762110  calmodulin-1-like [KO:K02183]
116749119  calmodulin-like [KO:K02183]
116749952  calmodulin-like protein 3 [KO:K02183]
116764310  CALM2; calmodulin-2 [KO:K02183]
116759635  CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
116754119  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
116741278  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
116751381  CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
116741907  RYR2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ryanodine receptor 2 [KO:K04962]
116746674  PPP2CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
116750919  PPP2CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
116743774  PPP2R1A; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K03456]
116757415  PPP2R1B; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K03456]
116746197  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B beta isoform-like [KO:K04354]
116754762  PPP2R2C; protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit B, gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04354]
116755706  PPP2R2A; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04354]
116741434  PPP2R2D; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04354]
116752026  PPP2R2B; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04354]
116753268  PPP2R3A; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B'' subunit alpha [KO:K11583]
116747993  PPP2R3B; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B'' subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K11583]
116748480  PPP2R3C; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B'' subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K11583]
116746995  PPP2R5C; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K11584]
116761517  PPP2R5D; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K11584]
116748702  PPP2R5E; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit epsilon isoform [KO:K11584]
116751199  PPP2R5A; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit alpha isoform [KO:K11584]
116758459  PPP2R5B; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K11584]
116739009  PPP1CC; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-gamma catalytic subunit isoform X1 [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
116764122  PPP1CB; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-beta catalytic subunit [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
116757793  PPP1CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-alpha catalytic subunit [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
116762312  TNNC1; troponin C, slow skeletal and cardiac muscles [KO:K05865]
116743854  TNNI3; troponin I, cardiac muscle isoform X1 [KO:K12044]
116743708  TNNT2; troponin T, cardiac muscle isoform X1 [KO:K12045]
116749016  TPM1; tropomyosin alpha-1 chain isoform X1 [KO:K10373]
116755712  TPM2; tropomyosin beta chain isoform X1 [KO:K10374]
116753490  tropomyosin alpha-3 chain-like [KO:K09290]
116739990  TPM3; tropomyosin alpha-3 chain isoform X1 [KO:K09290]
116747113  tropomyosin alpha-4 chain-like [KO:K10375]
116752207  TPM4; tropomyosin alpha-4 chain isoform X1 [KO:K10375]
116749865  ACTC1; actin, alpha cardiac muscle 1 [KO:K12314]
116748855  MYH6; myosin-6 [KO:K17751]
116748856  myosin-7 [KO:K17751]
116738885  MYL2; myosin regulatory light chain 2, ventricular/cardiac muscle isoform [KO:K10351]
116762302  MYL3; myosin light chain 3 isoform X1 [KO:K12749]
116745693  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: myosin light chain 4-like [KO:K12750]
116746470  myosin light chain 4 isoform X1 [KO:K12750]
116763505  PLN; cardiac phospholamban [KO:K05852]
116738913  ATP2A2; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
116740335  ATP2A1; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1 [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
116745111  ATP2A3; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
116742047  AGT; angiotensinogen [KO:K09821]
116753672  AGTR1; type-1 angiotensin II receptor [KO:K04166]
116747973  AGTR2; type-2 angiotensin II receptor [KO:K04167]
116755634  ADRA1A; alpha-1A adrenergic receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04135]
116752300  ADRA1B; alpha-1B adrenergic receptor [KO:K04136]
116740849  ADRA1D; alpha-1D adrenergic receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04137]
116755414  GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634]
116749106  PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
116740640  PLCB1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
116740954  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
116758215  PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
116745476  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
116761085  PPP1R1A; protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1A isoform X1 [KO:K08050]
116738910  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
116740620  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
116748377  RPS6KA5; ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-5 isoform X1 [KO:K04445] [EC:2.7.11.1]
116756730  CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870]
116756632  ATF2; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04450]
116761029  ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04374]
116755320  CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048]
116740243  CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
116758621  CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
116751955  CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
116759300  CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048]
116759616  CREB5; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K09047]
116762930  ATF6B; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 beta [KO:K09049]
116748954  CREM; cAMP-responsive element modulator isoform X1 [KO:K09052]
116738931  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02161]
116761070  RAPGEF3; rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08014]
116757044  RAPGEF4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4 [KO:K04351]
116760605  MAPK12; mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
116760782  MAPK11; mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
116762796  MAPK13; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
116762798  MAPK14; mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
116761812  GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04630]
116749946  GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha [KO:K04630]
116759318  GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630]
116759199  PIK3CG; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K21289] [EC:2.7.1.153]
116746412  PIK3R5; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 isoform X1 [KO:K21290]
116745258  PIK3R6; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 6 isoform X1 [KO:K21290]
116743673  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
116759669  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
116748950  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
Compound
C00076  Calcium cation
C00080  H+
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00238  Potassium cation
C00547  L-Noradrenaline
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C00788  L-Adrenaline
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01330  Sodium cation
C07056  Isoproterenol
Reference
PMID:19883653
  Authors
Grimm M, Brown JH
  Title
Beta-adrenergic receptor signaling in the heart: role of CaMKII.
  Journal
J Mol Cell Cardiol 48:322-30 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.10.016
Reference
PMID:21212391
  Authors
Yang JH, Saucerman JJ
  Title
Computational models reduce complexity and accelerate insight into cardiac signaling networks.
  Journal
Circ Res 108:85-97 (2011)
DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.223602
Reference
PMID:16765984
  Authors
Schaub MC, Hefti MA, Zaugg M
  Title
Integration of calcium with the signaling network in cardiac myocytes.
  Journal
J Mol Cell Cardiol 41:183-214 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2006.04.005
Reference
PMID:22022314
  Authors
Taggart P, Boyett MR, Logantha S, Lambiase PD
  Title
Anger, emotion, and arrhythmias: from brain to heart.
  Journal
Front Physiol 2:67 (2011)
DOI:10.3389/fphys.2011.00067
Reference
PMID:17988210
  Authors
Bers DM
  Title
Calcium cycling and signaling in cardiac myocytes.
  Journal
Annu Rev Physiol 70:23-49 (2008)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100455
Reference
PMID:20923637
  Authors
Soltis AR, Saucerman JJ
  Title
Synergy between CaMKII substrates and beta-adrenergic signaling in regulation of cardiac myocyte Ca(2+) handling.
  Journal
Biophys J 99:2038-47 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.bpj.2010.08.016
Reference
PMID:12439640
  Authors
Wallukat G
  Title
The beta-adrenergic receptors.
  Journal
Herz 27:683-90 (2002)
DOI:10.1007/s00059-002-2434-z
Reference
PMID:11604549
  Authors
Xiao RP
  Title
Beta-adrenergic signaling in the heart: dual coupling of the beta2-adrenergic receptor to G(s) and G(i) proteins.
  Journal
Sci STKE 2001:re15 (2001)
DOI:10.1126/stke.2001.104.re15
Reference
PMID:10571541
  Authors
Xiao RP, Cheng H, Zhou YY, Kuschel M, Lakatta EG
  Title
Recent advances in cardiac beta(2)-adrenergic signal transduction.
  Journal
Circ Res 85:1092-100 (1999)
DOI:10.1161/01.RES.85.11.1092
Reference
PMID:15979723
  Authors
Zheng M, Zhu W, Han Q, Xiao RP
  Title
Emerging concepts and therapeutic implications of beta-adrenergic receptor subtype signaling.
  Journal
Pharmacol Ther 108:257-68 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.04.006
Reference
PMID:17826821
  Authors
Kuzumoto M, Takeuchi A, Nakai H, Oka C, Noma A, Matsuoka S
  Title
Simulation analysis of intracellular Na+ and Cl- homeostasis during beta 1-adrenergic stimulation of cardiac myocyte.
  Journal
Prog Biophys Mol Biol 96:171-86 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2007.07.005
Reference
PMID:11805843
  Authors
Bers DM
  Title
Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling.
  Journal
Nature 415:198-205 (2002)
DOI:10.1038/415198a
Reference
PMID:20658186
  Authors
Ho D, Yan L, Iwatsubo K, Vatner DE, Vatner SF
  Title
Modulation of beta-adrenergic receptor signaling in heart failure and longevity: targeting adenylyl cyclase type 5.
  Journal
Heart Fail Rev 15:495-512 (2010)
DOI:10.1007/s10741-010-9183-5
Reference
PMID:15142747
  Authors
Saucerman JJ, McCulloch AD
  Title
Mechanistic systems models of cell signaling networks: a case study of myocyte adrenergic regulation.
  Journal
Prog Biophys Mol Biol 85:261-78 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.01.005
Reference
PMID:15765137
  Authors
Yano M, Ikeda Y, Matsuzaki M
  Title
Altered intracellular Ca2+ handling in heart failure.
  Journal
J Clin Invest 115:556-64 (2005)
DOI:10.1172/JCI24159
Reference
PMID:15232578
  Authors
Wehrens XH, Marks AR
  Title
Novel therapeutic approaches for heart failure by normalizing calcium cycling.
  Journal
Nat Rev Drug Discov 3:565-73 (2004)
DOI:10.1038/nrd1440
Reference
PMID:19874988
  Authors
Triposkiadis F, Karayannis G, Giamouzis G, Skoularigis J, Louridas G, Butler J
  Title
The sympathetic nervous system in heart failure physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical implications.
  Journal
J Am Coll Cardiol 54:1747-62 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.015
Reference
PMID:18407781
  Authors
Barry SP, Davidson SM, Townsend PA
  Title
Molecular regulation of cardiac hypertrophy.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 40:2023-39 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2008.02.020
Related
pathway
psiu04020  Calcium signaling pathway
psiu04151  PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
psiu04260  Cardiac muscle contraction
KO pathway
ko04261   
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