KEGG   PATHWAY: pspa04916
Entry
pspa04916                   Pathway                                
Name
Melanogenesis - Polyodon spathula (Mississippi paddlefish)
Description
Cutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory control by multiple agents. The most important positive regulator of melanogenesis is the MC1 receptor with its ligands melanocortic peptides. MC1R activates the cyclic AMP (cAMP) response-element binding protein (CREB). Increased expression of MITF and its activation by phosphorylation (P) stimulate the transcription of tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), and dopachrome tautomerase (DCT), which produce melanin. Melanin synthesis takes place within specialized intracellular organelles named melanosomes. Melanin-containing melanosomes then move from the perinuclear region to the dendrite tips and are transferred to keratinocytes by a still not well-characterized mechanism.
Class
Organismal Systems; Endocrine system
Pathway map
pspa04916  Melanogenesis
pspa04916

Organism
Polyodon spathula (Mississippi paddlefish) [GN:pspa]
Gene
121316005  pro-opiomelanocortin-like [KO:K05228]
121317143  pro-opiomelanocortin [KO:K05228]
121298307  agouti-signaling protein-like [KO:K08725]
121320288  agouti-signaling protein-like [KO:K08725]
121296580  mc1r; melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor [KO:K04199]
121298118  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha-like isoform X1 [KO:K04632]
121307824  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04632]
121307832  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha [KO:K04632]
121313146  adenylate cyclase type 1-like [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
121314511  adenylate cyclase type 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
121314788  adenylate cyclase type 2-like [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
121309305  adenylate cyclase type 2-like [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
121316002  adcy3a; adenylate cyclase type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
121305249  adenylate cyclase type 2-like [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
121307360  adenylate cyclase type 2-like isoform X1 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
121322506  adenylate cyclase type 5-like isoform X1 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
121322974  adenylate cyclase type 5-like [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
121309011  adcy6a; adenylate cyclase type 6 isoform X1 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
121296167  adenylate cyclase type 2-like isoform X1 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
121325516  adenylate cyclase type 2-like isoform X1 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
121309014  adcy8; adenylate cyclase type 8 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
121300452  adenylate cyclase type 9-like isoform X1 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
121330489  adenylate cyclase type 9-like isoform X1 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
121326749  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
121310175  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
121331016  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta-like isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
121322469  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K05870]
121323571  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870]
121294448  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048]
121300653  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3-B isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
121301289  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3-B isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
121301666  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 [KO:K09048]
121316075  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 [KO:K09048]
121309978  creb3l4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
121329474  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048]
121318518  creb3l2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048]
121300700  CREB-binding protein-like isoform X1 [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
121301211  CREB-binding protein-like [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
121331048  CREB-binding protein-like isoform X1 [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
121306077  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: histone acetyltransferase p300-like [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
121298129  microphthalmia-associated transcription factor-like isoform X1 [KO:K09455]
121328679  microphthalmia-associated transcription factor-like isoform X1 [KO:K09455]
121307173  wnt1; protein Wnt-1 [KO:K03209]
121299504  protein Wnt-2b-A-like [KO:K00182]
121299512  protein Wnt-2b-A [KO:K00182]
121318223  protein Wnt-2-like [KO:K00182]
121319887  protein Wnt-2-like [KO:K00182]
121301737  wnt3; proto-oncogene Wnt-3 [KO:K00312]
121312840  wnt3a; protein Wnt-3a [KO:K00312]
121314315  protein Wnt-3a-like [KO:K00312]
121325744  protein Wnt-4a-like [KO:K00408]
121328232  protein Wnt-4-like isoform X1 [KO:K00408]
121329401  wnt4; protein Wnt-4a [KO:K00408]
121298157  protein Wnt-5a-like isoform X1 [KO:K00444]
121329260  protein Wnt-5a [KO:K00444]
121318596  protein Wnt-5b-like [KO:K00444]
121319539  protein Wnt-5b [KO:K00444]
121321402  protein Wnt-6-like [KO:K00445]
121322785  wnt6b; protein Wnt-6 [KO:K00445]
121297670  wnt7aa; wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 7Aa [KO:K00572]
121329389  protein Wnt-7a [KO:K00572]
121318524  protein Wnt-7b isoform X1 [KO:K00572]
121297531  protein Wnt-8a-like [KO:K00714]
121297599  protein Wnt-8-like [KO:K00714]
121297602  protein Wnt-8-like [KO:K00714]
121325887  protein Wnt-8b [KO:K00714]
121321844  protein Wnt-8b-like [KO:K00714]
121325035  protein Wnt-8a-like [KO:K00714]
121301699  wnt9b; protein Wnt-9b [KO:K01064]
121312839  wnt9a; protein Wnt-9a [KO:K01064]
121314316  protein Wnt-9a-like isoform X1 [KO:K01064]
121321481  protein Wnt-10a [KO:K01357]
121309033  wnt10b; protein Wnt-10b [KO:K01357]
121322633  protein Wnt-10a-like [KO:K01357]
121295388  protein Wnt-11b-like [KO:K01384]
121320387  protein Wnt-11 isoform X1 [KO:K01384]
121318944  protein Wnt-11b-like [KO:K01384]
121318303  protein Wnt-16-like [KO:K01558]
121319809  protein Wnt-16-like [KO:K01558]
121315013  frizzled-1-like [KO:K02432]
121322165  frizzled-7-A-like [KO:K02432]
121323682  frizzled-7-A [KO:K02432]
121313174  frizzled-1-like [KO:K02432]
121302009  frizzled-2-like [KO:K02235]
121324847  frizzled-2 [KO:K02235]
121316025  frizzled-3 isoform X1 [KO:K02329]
121302901  fzd4; frizzled-4 [KO:K02354]
121321415  frizzled-5-like [KO:K02375]
121322685  frizzled-5-like [KO:K02375]
121310915  frizzled-8-like [KO:K02375]
121314086  frizzled-8-like [KO:K02375]
121314929  frizzled-6-like [KO:K02376]
121313255  frizzled-6-like isoform X1 [KO:K02376]
121296834  frizzled-10-B-like [KO:K02842]
121299604  frizzled-10-B-like [KO:K02842]
121308541  frizzled-9 [KO:K02842]
121296217  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04534]
121325964  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04534]
121318840  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04634]
121306550  segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-2-like [KO:K02353]
121326761  segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3-like isoform X1 [KO:K02353]
121322921  segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3-like isoform X1 [KO:K02353]
121329152  dvl1a; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-1 [KO:K02353]
121305697  segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-2-like [KO:K02353]
121320753  gsk3ba; glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta isoform X1 [KO:K03083] [EC:2.7.11.26]
121327778  glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta-like isoform X1 [KO:K03083] [EC:2.7.11.26]
121314633  catenin beta-1-like [KO:K02105]
121313013  catenin beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K02105]
121297274  transcription factor 7-like 2 isoform X1 [KO:K02620]
121324311  lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K02620]
121302353  transcription factor 7-like 1-B [KO:K04490]
121303125  transcription factor 7-like 1-A [KO:K04490]
121321701  transcription factor 7-like 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04491]
121325528  transcription factor 7-like 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04491]
121296434  lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K04492]
121321759  lef1; lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04492]
121318493  kitlga; kit ligand a isoform X1 [KO:K05461]
121319604  kit ligand-like isoform X1 [KO:K05461]
121298152  mast/stem cell growth factor receptor kita-like isoform X1 [KO:K05091] [EC:2.7.10.1]
121320044  kita; mast/stem cell growth factor receptor kita [KO:K05091] [EC:2.7.10.1]
121294911  GTPase HRas [KO:K02833]
121330312  hrasb; HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase b [KO:K02833]
121318385  GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
121319713  GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
121300074  GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
121300091  GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
121297980  RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase-like isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
121328554  RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase-like isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
121294557  dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1-like [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
121298929  map2k1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
121304127  dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1-like [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
121300828  map2k2a; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2a [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
121301294  dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
121297147  mitogen-activated protein kinase 1-like [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
121306857  mapk3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
121307738  mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
121305215  mitogen-activated protein kinase 1-like [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
121302601  tyr; tyrosinase [KO:K00505] [EC:1.14.18.1]
121295911  5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase-like isoform X1 [KO:K00506] [EC:1.14.18.-]
121299412  5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase-like [KO:K00506] [EC:1.14.18.-]
121320910  dct; L-dopachrome tautomerase [KO:K01827] [EC:5.3.3.12]
121314864  endothelin-1-like [KO:K16366]
121313310  endothelin-1-like [KO:K16366]
121295228  endothelin receptor type B-like [KO:K04198]
121320925  ednrba; endothelin receptor Ba [KO:K04198]
121318754  endothelin receptor type B-like [KO:K04198]
121297680  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2-like [KO:K04630]
121299816  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04630]
121299890  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04630]
121329128  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04630]
121318357  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1-like [KO:K04630]
121319742  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630]
121315927  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4-like [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
121315930  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1-like isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
121317052  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4-like isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
121310099  plcb3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
121317660  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1-like [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
121329668  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2-like [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
121323975  plcb2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
121294605  calmodulin-like protein 4 [KO:K02183]
121298942  calml4a; calmodulin-like protein 4a [KO:K02183]
121316330  calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
121316692  calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
121303849  calm3a; calmodulin 3a (phosphorylase kinase, delta) [KO:K02183]
121329906  calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
121323988  calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
121304911  calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
121295509  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
121296837  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
121321778  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma-like isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
121322582  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II delta 1 chain isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
121303013  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta-like [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
121323838  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha-like [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
121325571  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
121295549  protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
121296360  protein kinase C alpha type-like isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
121300719  protein kinase C beta type isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
121331034  protein kinase C beta type-like isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
121302494  prkcg; protein kinase C alpha type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
Compound
C00076  Calcium cation
C00082  L-Tyrosine
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C05606  Melanin
Reference
PMID:15383650
  Authors
Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Wortsman J.
  Title
Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 84:1155-228 (2004)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00044.2003
Reference
PMID:10841026
  Authors
Busca R, Ballotti R.
  Title
Cyclic AMP a key messenger in the regulation of skin pigmentation.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 13:60-9 (2000)
DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0749.2000.130203.x
Reference
PMID:15016298
  Authors
Imokawa G.
  Title
Autocrine and paracrine regulation of melanocytes in human skin and in pigmentary disorders.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 17:96-110 (2004)
DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0749.2003.00126.x
Reference
PMID:11023702
  Authors
Wikberg JE, Muceniece R, Mandrika I, Prusis P, Lindblom J, Post C, Skottner A.
  Title
New aspects on the melanocortins and their receptors.
  Journal
Pharmacol Res 42:393-420 (2000)
DOI:10.1006/phrs.2000.0725
Reference
PMID:12894244
  Authors
Chin L.
  Title
The genetics of malignant melanoma: lessons from mouse and man.
  Journal
Nat Rev Cancer 3:559-70 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/nrc1145
Reference
PMID:16822996
  Authors
Miller AJ, Mihm MC Jr.
  Title
Melanoma.
  Journal
N Engl J Med 355:51-65 (2006)
DOI:10.1056/NEJMra052166
Reference
PMID:12753399
  Authors
Saito H, Yasumoto K, Takeda K, Takahashi K, Yamamoto H, Shibahara S.
  Title
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in the Wnt signaling pathway.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 16:261-5 (2003)
DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0749.2003.00039.x
Reference
PMID:9263329
  Authors
Imokawa G, Kobayashi T, Miyagishi M, Higashi K, Yada Y.
  Title
The role of endothelin-1 in epidermal hyperpigmentation and signaling mechanisms of mitogenesis and melanogenesis.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 10:218-28 (1997)
DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0749.1997.tb00488.x
Reference
PMID:10643996
  Authors
Park HY, Gilchrest BA.
  Title
Signaling pathways mediating melanogenesis.
  Journal
Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 45:919-30 (1999)
Reference
PMID:10347209
  Authors
Park HY, Perez JM, Laursen R, Hara M, Gilchrest BA.
  Title
Protein kinase C-beta activates tyrosinase by phosphorylating serine residues in its cytoplasmic domain.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 274:16470-8 (1999)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.274.23.16470
Reference
PMID:11602344
  Authors
Sturm RA, Teasdale RD, Box NF.
  Title
Human pigmentation genes: identification, structure and consequences of polymorphic variation.
  Journal
Gene 277:49-62 (2001)
DOI:10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00694-1
Reference
PMID:11041354
  Authors
Hearing VJ.
  Title
The melanosome: the perfect model for cellular responses to the environment.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 13 Suppl 8:23-34 (2000)
DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0749.13.s8.7.x
Reference
PMID:16246839
  Authors
Molina DM, Grewal S, Bardwell L.
  Title
Characterization of an ERK-binding domain in microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and differential inhibition of ERK2-mediated substrate phosphorylation.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 280:42051-60 (2005)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M510590200
Related
pathway
pspa00350  Tyrosine metabolism
pspa04010  MAPK signaling pathway
pspa04310  Wnt signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04916   
LinkDB

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