KEGG   PATHWAY: tfn04261
Entry
tfn04261                    Pathway                                
Name
Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes - Trachypithecus francoisi (Francois's langur)
Description
Cardiac myocytes express at least six subtypes of adrenergic receptor (AR) which include three subtypes of beta-AR (beta-1, beta-2, beta-3) and three subtypes of the alpha-1-AR (alpha-1A, alpha-1B, and alpha-1C). In the human heart the beta-1-AR is the pre- dominate receptor. Acute sympathetic stimulation of cardiac beta-1-ARs induces positive inotropic and chronotropic effects, the most effective mechanism to acutely increase output of the heart, by coupling to Gs, formation of cAMP by adenylyl cyclase (AC), and PKA- dependent phosphorylation of various target proteins (e.g., ryanodine receptor [RyR]; phospholamban [PLB], troponin I [TnI], and the L-type Ca2+ channel [LTCC]). Chronic beta-1-AR stimulation is detrimental and induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis. beta-2-AR coupled to Gs exerts a proapoptotic action as well as beta-1-AR, while beta-2-AR coupled to Gi exerts an antiapoptotic action.
Class
Organismal Systems; Circulatory system
Pathway map
tfn04261  Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes
tfn04261

Other DBs
GO: 0001997
Organism
Trachypithecus francoisi (Francois's langur) [GN:tfn]
Gene
117066654  ADRB1; beta-1 adrenergic receptor [KO:K04141]
117065575  ADRB2; beta-2 adrenergic receptor [KO:K04142]
117068997  neuroendocrine secretory protein 55 [KO:K04632]
117069000  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04632]
117073333  ADCY1; adenylate cyclase type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
117064735  ADCY2; adenylate cyclase type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
117062665  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
117069900  ADCY4; adenylate cyclase type 4 isoform X1 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
117083400  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
117090196  ADCY6; adenylate cyclase type 6 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
117087765  ADCY7; adenylate cyclase type 7 isoform X1 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
117079299  ADCY8; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: adenylate cyclase type 8 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
117097725  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase type 9 isoform X1 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
117097143  BVES; blood vessel epicardial substance [KO:K21108]
117083462  POPDC2; popeye domain-containing protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K26206]
117097144  POPDC3; popeye domain-containing protein 3 [KO:K26207]
117075253  KCNK2; potassium channel subfamily K member 2 [KO:K04913]
117098498  PRKACG; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit gamma [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
117092158  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
117074523  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
117074222  ATP1A4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
117074224  ATP1A2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
117075599  ATP1A3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3 isoform X1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
117075655  ATP1A1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
117078104  ATP1B4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: protein ATP1B4 [KO:K01540]
117084094  ATP1B3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K01540]
117076014  ATP1B1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1 [KO:K01540]
117067759  ATP1B2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2 [KO:K01540]
117079776  sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K01538]
117093042  SLC9A1; sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05742]
117081495  KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04926]
117095738  KCNE1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 1 [KO:K04894]
117078477  ATP2B3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 3 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
117089644  ATP2B1; plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
117083249  ATP2B2; plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
117075419  ATP2B4; plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 4 isoform X1 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
117069383  SLC8A3; sodium/calcium exchanger 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05849]
117062417  SLC8A1; sodium/calcium exchanger 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05849]
117091475  SLC8A2; sodium/calcium exchanger 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05849]
117083895  SCN5A; sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04838]
117094912  SCN7A; sodium channel protein type 7 subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04839]
117092332  SCN1B; sodium channel subunit beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04845]
117090701  voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850]
117083004  CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851]
117077518  CACNA1F; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F [KO:K04853]
117076828  CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S isoform X1 [KO:K04857]
117067107  CACNB1; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04862]
117082612  CACNB2; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04863]
117090194  CACNB3; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K04864]
117095001  CACNB4; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04865]
117072561  CACNA2D1; voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04858]
117082068  CACNA2D2; voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04859]
117083013  CACNA2D3; voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K04860]
117090711  CACNA2D4; voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-4 [KO:K04861]
117066507  CACNG1; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-1 subunit [KO:K04866]
117095965  CACNG2; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit [KO:K04867]
117087484  CACNG3; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-3 subunit [KO:K04868]
117067394  CACNG4; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-4 subunit [KO:K04869]
117067395  CACNG5; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-5 subunit [KO:K04870]
117091714  CACNG6; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-6 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K04871]
117091712  CACNG7; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-7 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K04872]
117091353  CACNG8; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-8 subunit [KO:K04873]
117069878  calmodulin-1-like [KO:K02183]
117079553  calmodulin-1-like [KO:K02183]
117070455  CALML4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calmodulin-like protein 4 [KO:K02183]
117070827  calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
117062348  CALM2; calmodulin-2 [KO:K02183]
117071553  CALM1; calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
117091446  CALM3; calmodulin-3 [KO:K02183]
117082197  CALML3; calmodulin-like protein 3 [KO:K02183]
117082198  CALML5; calmodulin-like protein 5 [KO:K02183]
117093967  CALML6; calmodulin-like protein 6 isoform X1 [KO:K02183]
117095064  calmodulin-1-like [KO:K02183]
117081990  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
117073301  CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
117065600  CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
117085812  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
117076540  RYR2; ryanodine receptor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04962]
117065862  PPP2CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
117094544  PPP2CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
117093595  PPP2R1A; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A alpha isoform [KO:K03456]
117082567  PPP2R2D; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04354]
117065664  PPP2R2B; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04354]
117085110  PPP2R2C; protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit B, gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04354]
117093681  PPP2R2A; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04354]
117069083  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B'' subunit beta-like [KO:K11583]
117069819  PPP2R3C; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B'' subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K11583]
117099195  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B'' subunit beta-like [KO:K11583]
117084149  PPP2R3A; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B'' subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K11583]
117087239  PPP2R5D; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit delta isoform [KO:K11584]
117069493  PPP2R5E; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit epsilon isoform isoform X1 [KO:K11584]
117079876  PPP2R5B; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit beta isoform [KO:K11584]
117071357  PPP2R5C; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K11584]
117082786  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit gamma isoform-like [KO:K11584]
117075891  PPP2R5A; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K11584]
117080254  PPP1CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-alpha catalytic subunit [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
117089406  PPP1CC; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-gamma catalytic subunit [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
117062530  PPP1CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-beta catalytic subunit [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
117095609  serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-gamma catalytic subunit [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
117082828  TNNC1; troponin C, slow skeletal and cardiac muscles isoform X1 [KO:K05865]
117091726  TNNI3; troponin I, cardiac muscle [KO:K12044]
117076822  TNNT2; troponin T, cardiac muscle isoform X1 [KO:K12045]
117070552  TPM1; tropomyosin alpha-1 chain isoform X1 [KO:K10373]
117099008  TPM2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: tropomyosin beta chain [KO:K10374]
117089706  tropomyosin alpha-3 chain-like [KO:K09290]
117090245  tropomyosin alpha-3 chain isoform X1 [KO:K09290]
117093642  tropomyosin alpha-3 chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K09290]
117063653  tropomyosin alpha-4 chain-like [KO:K10375]
117074867  TPM4; tropomyosin alpha-4 chain isoform X1 [KO:K10375]
117070916  ACTC1; actin, alpha cardiac muscle 1 [KO:K12314]
117069960  myosin-6 [KO:K17751]
117069961  myosin-7 [KO:K17751]
117080296  MYL3; myosin light chain 3 [KO:K12749]
117067473  MYL4; myosin light chain 4 [KO:K12750]
117096992  PLN; cardiac phospholamban [KO:K05852]
117087574  ATP2A1; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
117089420  ATP2A2; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
117067902  ATP2A3; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
117074039  AGT; angiotensinogen [KO:K09821]
117084057  AGTR1; type-1 angiotensin II receptor [KO:K04166]
117077371  AGTR2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: type-2 angiotensin II receptor [KO:K04167]
117093728  ADRA1A; alpha-1A adrenergic receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04135]
117065532  ADRA1B; alpha-1B adrenergic receptor [KO:K04136]
117068503  ADRA1D; alpha-1D adrenergic receptor [KO:K04137]
117098435  GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04634]
117070870  PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
117080608  PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
117068469  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
117068471  PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
117067396  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
117089986  PPP1R1A; protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1A [KO:K08050]
117087606  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
117096627  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
117071546  RPS6KA5; ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-5 isoform X1 [KO:K04445] [EC:2.7.11.1]
117094598  CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870]
117094833  ATF2; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04450]
117096463  ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
117079895  CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048]
117099006  CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048]
117073578  CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048]
117075642  CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
117072944  CREB5; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K09047]
117086987  ATF6B; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 beta isoform X1 [KO:K09049]
117098353  CREM; cAMP-responsive element modulator isoform X2 [KO:K09052]
117099723  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02161]
117090223  RAPGEF3; rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 [KO:K08014]
117094851  RAPGEF4; rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04351]
117087120  MAPK13; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
117087121  MAPK14; mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
117096273  MAPK12; mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
117096276  MAPK11; mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
117072581  GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630]
117081788  GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630]
117075132  GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha [KO:K04630]
117073770  PIK3CG; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform [KO:K21289] [EC:2.7.1.153]
117067709  PIK3R5; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 isoform X1 [KO:K21290]
117067711  PIK3R6; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 6 isoform X1 [KO:K21290]
117071286  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
117091956  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
117076331  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
Compound
C00076  Calcium cation
C00080  H+
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00238  Potassium cation
C00547  L-Noradrenaline
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C00788  L-Adrenaline
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01330  Sodium cation
C07056  Isoproterenol
Reference
PMID:19883653
  Authors
Grimm M, Brown JH
  Title
Beta-adrenergic receptor signaling in the heart: role of CaMKII.
  Journal
J Mol Cell Cardiol 48:322-30 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.10.016
Reference
PMID:21212391
  Authors
Yang JH, Saucerman JJ
  Title
Computational models reduce complexity and accelerate insight into cardiac signaling networks.
  Journal
Circ Res 108:85-97 (2011)
DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.223602
Reference
PMID:16765984
  Authors
Schaub MC, Hefti MA, Zaugg M
  Title
Integration of calcium with the signaling network in cardiac myocytes.
  Journal
J Mol Cell Cardiol 41:183-214 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2006.04.005
Reference
PMID:22022314
  Authors
Taggart P, Boyett MR, Logantha S, Lambiase PD
  Title
Anger, emotion, and arrhythmias: from brain to heart.
  Journal
Front Physiol 2:67 (2011)
DOI:10.3389/fphys.2011.00067
Reference
PMID:17988210
  Authors
Bers DM
  Title
Calcium cycling and signaling in cardiac myocytes.
  Journal
Annu Rev Physiol 70:23-49 (2008)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100455
Reference
PMID:20923637
  Authors
Soltis AR, Saucerman JJ
  Title
Synergy between CaMKII substrates and beta-adrenergic signaling in regulation of cardiac myocyte Ca(2+) handling.
  Journal
Biophys J 99:2038-47 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.bpj.2010.08.016
Reference
PMID:12439640
  Authors
Wallukat G
  Title
The beta-adrenergic receptors.
  Journal
Herz 27:683-90 (2002)
DOI:10.1007/s00059-002-2434-z
Reference
PMID:11604549
  Authors
Xiao RP
  Title
Beta-adrenergic signaling in the heart: dual coupling of the beta2-adrenergic receptor to G(s) and G(i) proteins.
  Journal
Sci STKE 2001:re15 (2001)
DOI:10.1126/stke.2001.104.re15
Reference
PMID:10571541
  Authors
Xiao RP, Cheng H, Zhou YY, Kuschel M, Lakatta EG
  Title
Recent advances in cardiac beta(2)-adrenergic signal transduction.
  Journal
Circ Res 85:1092-100 (1999)
DOI:10.1161/01.RES.85.11.1092
Reference
PMID:15979723
  Authors
Zheng M, Zhu W, Han Q, Xiao RP
  Title
Emerging concepts and therapeutic implications of beta-adrenergic receptor subtype signaling.
  Journal
Pharmacol Ther 108:257-68 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.04.006
Reference
PMID:17826821
  Authors
Kuzumoto M, Takeuchi A, Nakai H, Oka C, Noma A, Matsuoka S
  Title
Simulation analysis of intracellular Na+ and Cl- homeostasis during beta 1-adrenergic stimulation of cardiac myocyte.
  Journal
Prog Biophys Mol Biol 96:171-86 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2007.07.005
Reference
PMID:11805843
  Authors
Bers DM
  Title
Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling.
  Journal
Nature 415:198-205 (2002)
DOI:10.1038/415198a
Reference
PMID:20658186
  Authors
Ho D, Yan L, Iwatsubo K, Vatner DE, Vatner SF
  Title
Modulation of beta-adrenergic receptor signaling in heart failure and longevity: targeting adenylyl cyclase type 5.
  Journal
Heart Fail Rev 15:495-512 (2010)
DOI:10.1007/s10741-010-9183-5
Reference
PMID:15142747
  Authors
Saucerman JJ, McCulloch AD
  Title
Mechanistic systems models of cell signaling networks: a case study of myocyte adrenergic regulation.
  Journal
Prog Biophys Mol Biol 85:261-78 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.01.005
Reference
PMID:15765137
  Authors
Yano M, Ikeda Y, Matsuzaki M
  Title
Altered intracellular Ca2+ handling in heart failure.
  Journal
J Clin Invest 115:556-64 (2005)
DOI:10.1172/JCI24159
Reference
PMID:15232578
  Authors
Wehrens XH, Marks AR
  Title
Novel therapeutic approaches for heart failure by normalizing calcium cycling.
  Journal
Nat Rev Drug Discov 3:565-73 (2004)
DOI:10.1038/nrd1440
Reference
PMID:19874988
  Authors
Triposkiadis F, Karayannis G, Giamouzis G, Skoularigis J, Louridas G, Butler J
  Title
The sympathetic nervous system in heart failure physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical implications.
  Journal
J Am Coll Cardiol 54:1747-62 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.015
Reference
PMID:18407781
  Authors
Barry SP, Davidson SM, Townsend PA
  Title
Molecular regulation of cardiac hypertrophy.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 40:2023-39 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2008.02.020
Related
pathway
tfn04020  Calcium signaling pathway
tfn04151  PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
tfn04260  Cardiac muscle contraction
KO pathway
ko04261   
LinkDB

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