KEGG   DISEASE: Major depressive disorder
Entry
H01646                      Disease                                
Name
Major depressive disorder
Description
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most common psychiatric disorder mainly characterized by depressed mood, loss of interest, feelings of worthlessness, and a high risk of suicide. Accumulated evidence suggests that both environmental and genetic factors are involved in the etiology of MDD although the pathogenesis of MDD remains unknown. Mutations in genes involved in brain serotonin synthesis, have been identified in patients. Brain serotonin deficiency has been hypothesized to play a role in a wide range of psychiatric diseases, including MDD. Several efficacious treatments for MDD are available, including different forms of psychotherapy and antidepressant medication. Recently, selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs, SNRIs,) have become the first-line antidepressant drug treatment of depression and replaced tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) due to fewer side-effects and ease of use.
Category
Mental and behavioural disorder
Brite
Human diseases in ICD-11 classification [BR:br08403]
 06 Mental, behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorders
  Mood disorders
   Depressive disorders
    6A70  Single episode depressive disorder
     H01646  Major depressive disorder
    6A71  Recurrent depressive disorder
     H01646  Major depressive disorder
Pathway-based classification of diseases [BR:br08402]
 Amino acid metabolism
  nt06028  Dopamine and serotonin metabolism
   H01646  Major depressive disorder
 Cellular process
  nt06544  Neuroactive ligand signaling
   H01646  Major depressive disorder
Pathway
hsa00380  Tryptophan metabolism
hsa04726  Serotonergic synapse
hsa04082  Neuroactive ligand signaling
Network
nt06028 Dopamine and serotonin metabolism
nt06544 Neuroactive ligand signaling
Gene
TPH2 [HSA:121278] [KO:K00502]
HTR2A [HSA:3356] [KO:K04157]
FKBP5 [HSA:2289] [KO:K09571]
Drug
Selegiline [DR:D03731]
Aripiprazole [DR:D01164]
Brexpiprazole [DR:D10309]
Desipramine hydrochloride [DR:D00812]
Imipramine hydrochloride [DR:D00815]
Imipramine pamoate [DR:D08071]
Trimipramine maleate [DR:D02408]
Amitriptyline hydrochloride [DR:D00809]
Nortriptyline hydrochloride [DR:D00816]
Protriptyline hydrochloride [DR:D00484]
Amoxapine [DR:D00228]
Maprotiline hydrochloride [DR:D00818]
Fluoxetine hydrochloride [DR:D00823]
Citalopram hydrobromide [DR:D00822]
Paroxetine hydrochloride hemihydrate [DR:D02260]
Paroxetine hydrochloride [DR:D05374]
Paroxetine mesylate [DR:D05375]
Sertraline hydrochloride [DR:D00825]
Escitalopram oxalate [DR:D02567]
Isocarboxazid [DR:D02580]
Tranylcypromine sulfate [DR:D00826]
Trazodone hydrochloride [DR:D00820]
Nefazodone hydrochloride [DR:D00819]
Mirtazapine [DR:D00563]
Bupropion hydrochloride [DR:D00817]
Bupropion hydrobromide [DR:D07938]
Venlafaxine hydrochloride [DR:D00821]
Venlafaxine besylate monohydrate [DR:D12403]
Gepirone hydrochloride [DR:D04314]
Duloxetine hydrochloride [DR:D01179]
Desvenlafaxine [DR:D07793]
Desvenlafaxine succinate [DR:D02570]
Desvenlafaxine succinate anhydrous [DR:D11619]
Vilazodone hydrochloride [DR:D09699]
Vortioxetine hydrobromide [DR:D10185]
Levomilnacipran hydrochloride [DR:D10133]
Dextromethorphan hydrobromide and bupropion hydrochloride [DR:D12493]
Perphenazine and amitriptyline hydrochloride [DR:D10294]
Olanzapine and fluoxetine hydrochloride [DR:D10206]
Other DBs
ICD-11: 6A70 6A71
MeSH: D003865
OMIM: 608516
Reference
PMID:27497214
  Authors
Hou Z, Song X, Jiang W, Yue Y, Yin Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Yuan Y
  Title
Prognostic value of imbalanced interhemispheric functional coordination in early therapeutic efficacy in major depressive disorder.
  Journal
Psychiatry Res 255:1-8 (2016)
DOI:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.07.011
Reference
PMID:25602134
  Authors
Sachs BD, Rodriguiz RM, Tran HL, Iyer A, Wetsel WC, Caron MG
  Title
Serotonin deficiency alters susceptibility to the long-term consequences of adverse early life experience.
  Journal
Psychoneuroendocrinology 53:69-81 (2015)
DOI:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.12.019
Reference
PMID:26885016
  Authors
Lin CX, Hu Z, Yan ZM, Li W, Chen YS, Zhao JH, Zhang LQ, Zhao B, Zhong WT, Feng D
  Title
Association between HTR2A T102C polymorphism and major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis in the Chinese population.
  Journal
Int J Clin Exp Med 8:20897-903 (2015)
Reference
PMID:24856550
  Authors
Szczepankiewicz A, Leszczynska-Rodziewicz A, Pawlak J, Narozna B, Rajewska-Rager A, Wilkosc M, Zaremba D, Maciukiewicz M, Twarowska-Hauser J
  Title
FKBP5 polymorphism is associated with major depression but not with bipolar disorder.
  Journal
J Affect Disord 164:33-7 (2014)
DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.002
Reference
PMID:25159460
  Authors
Zhang Y, Becker T, Ma Y, Koesters M
  Title
A systematic review of Chinese randomized clinical trials of SSRI treatment of depression.
  Journal
BMC Psychiatry 14:245 (2014)
DOI:10.1186/s12888-014-0245-4
Reference
PMID:23737423
  Authors
Cuijpers P, Sijbrandij M, Koole SL, Andersson G, Beekman AT, Reynolds CF 3rd
  Title
The efficacy of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in treating depressive and anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of direct comparisons.
  Journal
World Psychiatry 12:137-48 (2013)
DOI:10.1002/wps.20038
Reference
PMID:26572745
  Authors
Bruno A, Morabito P, Spina E, Muscatello MR
  Title
The Role of Levomilnacipran in the Management of Major Depressive Disorder: A Comprehensive Review.
  Journal
Curr Neuropharmacol 14:191-9 (2016)
DOI:10.2174/1570159X14666151117122458
LinkDB

» Japanese version

KEGG   DISEASE: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Entry
H01895                      Disease                                
Name
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Description
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common psychiatric disorder first diagnosed in childhood and frequently persistent throughout adult life. The disorder is classically characterized by symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Many children with ADHD go on to have problems related to education, social functioning, and/or other mental illness as adolescents and young adults. Although heritability estimates are consistently high, ADHD is a genetically complex disorder characterized by multifactorial inheritance involving numerous genes of moderate effect. Reports implicate variants of genes important for the synthesis, uptake, transport and receptor binding of dopamine in the etiology of ADHD. And interaction between the dopamine and serotonin systems has been implicated in both the pathophysiology of ADHD and the mechanism of action of widely used stimulant compounds.
Category
Mental and behavioural disorder
Brite
Human diseases in ICD-11 classification [BR:br08403]
 06 Mental, behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorders
  Neurodevelopmental disorders
   6A05  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
    H01895  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Pathway-based classification of diseases [BR:br08402]
 Amino acid metabolism
  nt06028  Dopamine and serotonin metabolism
   H01895  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
 Cellular process
  nt06544  Neuroactive ligand signaling
   H01895  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Pathway
hsa00380  Tryptophan metabolism
hsa04728  Dopaminergic synapse
hsa04726  Serotonergic synapse
hsa04082  Neuroactive ligand signaling
Network
nt06028 Dopamine and serotonin metabolism
nt06544 Neuroactive ligand signaling
Gene
(ADHD) DRD5 [HSA:1816] [KO:K05840]
(ADHD) DRD4 [HSA:1815] [KO:K04147]
(ADHD7) TPH2 [HSA:121278] [KO:K00502]
(ADHD8) CDH2 [HSA:1000] [KO:K06736]
Drug
Guanfacine hydrochloride [DR:D00606]
Viloxazine hydrochloride [DR:D02572]
Amfetamine [DR:D07445]
Amphetamine sulfate [DR:D02074]
Dextroamphetamine [DR:D03740]
Dextroamphetamine sulfate [DR:D02078]
Methamphetamine hydrochloride [DR:D02242]
Methylphenidate [DR:D04999]
Methylphenidate hydrochloride [DR:D01296]
Atomoxetine hydrochloride [DR:D02574]
Dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride [DR:D03721]
Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate [DR:D04747]
Serdexmethylphenidate and dexmethylphenidate [DR:D11989]
Amphetamine aspartate, amphetamine sulfate, dextroamphetamine saccharate and dextroamphetamine sulfate [DR:D11624]
Other DBs
ICD-11: 6A05
MeSH: D001289
OMIM: 143465 613003 619957
Reference
PMID:24214656
  Authors
Matthews M, Nigg JT, Fair DA
  Title
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
  Journal
Curr Top Behav Neurosci 16:235-66 (2014)
DOI:10.1007/7854_2013_249
Reference
PMID:24627974
  Authors
Roskell NS, Setyawan J, Zimovetz EA, Hodgkins P
  Title
Systematic evidence synthesis of treatments for ADHD in children and adolescents: indirect treatment comparisons of lisdexamfetamine with methylphenidate and atomoxetine.
  Journal
Curr Med Res Opin 30:1673-85 (2014)
DOI:10.1185/03007995.2014.904772
Reference
PMID:26170637
  Authors
Bello NT
  Title
Clinical utility of guanfacine extended release in the treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents.
  Journal
Patient Prefer Adherence 9:877-85 (2015)
DOI:10.2147/PPA.S73167
Reference
PMID:14699430 (ADHD)
  Authors
Kustanovich V, Ishii J, Crawford L, Yang M, McGough JJ, McCracken JT, Smalley SL, Nelson SF
  Title
Transmission disequilibrium testing of dopamine-related candidate gene polymorphisms in ADHD: confirmation of association of ADHD with DRD4 and DRD5.
  Journal
Mol Psychiatry 9:711-7 (2004)
DOI:10.1038/sj.mp.4001466
Reference
PMID:16116490 (ADHD7)
  Authors
Walitza S, Renner TJ, Dempfle A, Konrad K, Wewetzer Ch, Halbach A, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Remschmidt H, Smidt J, Linder M, Flierl L, Knolker U, Friedel S, Schafer H, Gross C, Hebebrand J, Warnke A, Lesch KP
  Title
Transmission disequilibrium of polymorphic variants in the tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
  Journal
Mol Psychiatry 10:1126-32 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/sj.mp.4001734
Reference
PMID:34702855 (ADHD8)
  Authors
Halperin D, Stavsky A, Kadir R, Drabkin M, Wormser O, Yogev Y, Dolgin V, Proskorovski-Ohayon R, Perez Y, Nudelman H, Stoler O, Rotblat B, Lifschytz T, Lotan A, Meiri G, Gitler D, Birk OS
  Title
CDH2 mutation affecting N-cadherin function causes attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in humans and mice.
  Journal
Nat Commun 12:6187 (2021)
DOI:10.1038/s41467-021-26426-1
LinkDB

» Japanese version

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