KEGG   PATHWAY: cpic00230
Entry
cpic00230                   Pathway                                
Name
Purine metabolism - Chrysemys picta (western painted turtle)
Class
Metabolism; Nucleotide metabolism
Pathway map
cpic00230  Purine metabolism
cpic00230

Module
cpic_M00005  PRPP biosynthesis, ribose 5P => PRPP [PATH:cpic00230]
cpic_M00048  De novo purine biosynthesis, PRPP + glutamine => IMP [PATH:cpic00230]
cpic_M00049  Adenine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, IMP => ADP,ATP [PATH:cpic00230]
cpic_M00050  Guanine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, IMP => GDP,GTP [PATH:cpic00230]
cpic_M00053  Deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis, ADP/GDP/CDP/UDP => dATP/dGTP/dCTP/dUTP [PATH:cpic00230]
cpic_M00546  Purine degradation, xanthine => urea [PATH:cpic00230]
cpic_M00958  Adenine ribonucleotide degradation, AMP => Urate [PATH:cpic00230]
cpic_M00959  Guanine ribonucleotide degradation, GMP => Urate [PATH:cpic00230]
Other DBs
GO: 0006163 0042278
Organism
Chrysemys picta (western painted turtle) [GN:cpic]
Gene
101932880  NUDT9; ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K13988] [EC:3.6.1.13]
101938771  ADPRM; manganese-dependent ADP-ribose/CDP-alcohol diphosphatase [KO:K01517] [EC:3.6.1.13 3.6.1.16 3.6.1.53]
101938331  NUDT5; ADP-sugar pyrophosphatase isoform X1 [KO:K13987] [EC:3.6.1.13 3.6.1.58 2.7.7.96]
101947993  PGM1; phosphoglucomutase-1 isoform X2 [KO:K01835] [EC:5.4.2.2]
101935506  PGM2; phosphoglucomutase-2 isoform X1 [KO:K15779] [EC:5.4.2.2 5.4.2.7]
101934196  PRPS1; ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase 1 [KO:K00948] [EC:2.7.6.1]
101946566  PRPS2; ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K00948] [EC:2.7.6.1]
101943117  PPAT; amidophosphoribosyltransferase isoform X1 [KO:K00764] [EC:2.4.2.14]
101943710  trifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine-3 [KO:K11787] [EC:6.3.4.13 2.1.2.2 6.3.3.1]
101946162  trifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine-3-like [KO:K11787] [EC:6.3.4.13 2.1.2.2 6.3.3.1]
101941090  phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase-like isoform X1 [KO:K01952] [EC:6.3.5.3]
101941366  phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase isoform X1 [KO:K01952] [EC:6.3.5.3]
101942651  PAICS; multifunctional protein ADE2 isoform X6 [KO:K01587] [EC:4.1.1.21 6.3.2.6]
101932360  ADSL; adenylosuccinate lyase isoform X1 [KO:K01756] [EC:4.3.2.2]
101949386  ATIC; bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein ATIC isoform X1 [KO:K00602] [EC:2.1.2.3 3.5.4.10]
101935172  APRT; adenine phosphoribosyltransferase [KO:K00759] [EC:2.4.2.7]
101941932  cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase 1B [KO:K01081] [EC:3.1.3.5]
101931885  mannosylglucosyl-3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase-like [KO:K01081] [EC:3.1.3.5]
101934350  NT5C2; cytosolic purine 5'-nucleotidase isoform X1 [KO:K01081] [EC:3.1.3.5]
101947611  NT5C1A; cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase 1A [KO:K01081] [EC:3.1.3.5]
101953472  cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase 1A-like [KO:K01081] [EC:3.1.3.5]
101933708  NT5C; 5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase, cytosolic type [KO:K01081] [EC:3.1.3.5]
101931092  NT5M; 5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase, mitochondrial [KO:K01081] [EC:3.1.3.5]
101950144  cytosolic purine 5'-nucleotidase-like isoform X1 [KO:K01081] [EC:3.1.3.5]
101939663  NT5E; 5'-nucleotidase isoform X1 [KO:K19970] [EC:3.1.3.5]
101945780  purine nucleoside phosphorylase isoform X3 [KO:K03783] [EC:2.4.2.1]
101942707  purine nucleoside phosphorylase LACC1-like [KO:K05810] [EC:2.4.2.1 2.4.2.28 3.5.4.4]
101943310  HPRT1; hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase [KO:K00760] [EC:2.4.2.8]
101946763  IMPDH1; inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 1 [KO:K00088] [EC:1.1.1.205]
101931487  IMPDH2; inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 [KO:K00088] [EC:1.1.1.205]
101951702  NME4; nucleoside diphosphate kinase, mitochondrial [KO:K00940] [EC:2.7.4.6]
101940607  NME6; nucleoside diphosphate kinase 6 isoform X3 [KO:K00940] [EC:2.7.4.6]
101938019  NME7; nucleoside diphosphate kinase 7 isoform X2 [KO:K00940] [EC:2.7.4.6]
101944293  NME3; nucleoside diphosphate kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K00940] [EC:2.7.4.6]
101950819  NME1; nucleoside diphosphate kinase A [KO:K00940] [EC:2.7.4.6]
101950541  nucleoside diphosphate kinase [KO:K00940] [EC:2.7.4.6]
101933481  AK9; adenylate kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K18533] [EC:2.7.4.3 2.7.4.6]
101944035  ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 8-like isoform X2 [KO:K01510] [EC:3.6.1.5]
101946123  ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 8-like isoform X1 [KO:K01510] [EC:3.6.1.5]
101946406  ENTPD8; ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 8 [KO:K01510] [EC:3.6.1.5]
101952167  ENTPD3; ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K01510] [EC:3.6.1.5]
101948660  ENTPD1; ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K01510] [EC:3.6.1.5]
101936718  CANT1; soluble calcium-activated nucleotidase 1 [KO:K12304] [EC:3.6.1.6]
101947170  ENTPD4; ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 4 isoform X1 [KO:K12305] [EC:3.6.1.6]
101938561  ENTPD6; ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 6 isoform X1 [KO:K01511] [EC:3.6.1.6]
101951614  ENTPD5; ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 5 isoform X1 [KO:K01511] [EC:3.6.1.6]
101939820  U8 snoRNA-decapping enzyme [KO:K16855] [EC:3.6.1.62 3.6.1.64]
101952951  ITPA; inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase [KO:K01519] [EC:3.6.1.66]
101953114  XDH; xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase isoform X1 [KO:K00106] [EC:1.17.1.4 1.17.3.2]
101952762  NUDT2; bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphatase [asymmetrical] [KO:K01518] [EC:3.6.1.17]
101934948  GMPS; GMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing] [KO:K01951] [EC:6.3.5.2]
101945340  GMPR; GMP reductase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K00364] [EC:1.7.1.7]
101938539  GMPR2; GMP reductase 2 [KO:K00364] [EC:1.7.1.7]
101934063  GDA; guanine deaminase [KO:K01487] [EC:3.5.4.3]
101947358  GUK1; guanylate kinase isoform X3 [KO:K00942] [EC:2.7.4.8]
101944456  RRM1; ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunit [KO:K10807] [EC:1.17.4.1]
101935883  RRM2; ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2 [KO:K10808] [EC:1.17.4.1]
101930869  RRM2B; ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2 B [KO:K10808] [EC:1.17.4.1]
101935485  HDDC2; 5'-deoxynucleotidase HDDC2 isoform X2 [KO:K07023] [EC:3.1.3.89]
101952040  DGUOK; deoxyguanosine kinase, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00904] [EC:2.7.1.113]
101948329  DCK; deoxycytidine kinase [KO:K00893] [EC:2.7.1.74 2.7.1.76 2.7.1.113]
101933529  HDDC3; guanosine-3',5'-bis(diphosphate) 3'-pyrophosphohydrolase MESH1 [KO:K21138] [EC:3.1.7.2]
101938915  PRUNE1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: exopolyphosphatase PRUNE1 [KO:K01514] [EC:3.6.1.11]
101935286  ADCY1; adenylate cyclase type 1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101952054  ADCY2; adenylate cyclase type 2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101948171  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101936524  ADCY4; adenylate cyclase type 4 isoform X2 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101950146  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase type 5 isoform X1 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101948443  ADCY6; adenylate cyclase type 6 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101938536  ADCY7; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: adenylate cyclase type 7 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101947738  ADCY8; adenylate cyclase type 8 isoform X2 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101940138  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase type 9 isoform X1 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101948053  GUCY1A1; guanylate cyclase soluble subunit alpha-1 [KO:K12318] [EC:4.6.1.2]
101945080  GUCY1A2; guanylate cyclase soluble subunit alpha-2 [KO:K12318] [EC:4.6.1.2]
101947603  GUCY1B1; guanylate cyclase soluble subunit beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K12319] [EC:4.6.1.2]
101944882  guanylate cyclase soluble subunit beta-2-like isoform X1 [KO:K12319] [EC:4.6.1.2]
101952801  guanylate cyclase soluble subunit beta-2-like isoform X2 [KO:K12319] [EC:4.6.1.2]
101941251  GUCY2C; heat-stable enterotoxin receptor [KO:K12320] [EC:4.6.1.2]
101940459  heat-stable enterotoxin receptor-like [KO:K12320] [EC:4.6.1.2]
101953314  retinal guanylyl cyclase 2 [KO:K12321] [EC:4.6.1.2]
101944291  guanylate cyclase 2G-like [KO:K22600] [EC:4.6.1.2]
101943791  NPR1; atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 1 isoform X2 [KO:K12323] [EC:4.6.1.2]
101939273  atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 1-like [KO:K12324] [EC:4.6.1.2]
101950981  PDE1B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B isoform X1 [KO:K13755] [EC:3.1.4.17]
101938672  PDE1A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A isoform X6 [KO:K13755] [EC:3.1.4.17]
101949417  PDE1C; calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1C isoform X1 [KO:K13755] [EC:3.1.4.17]
101951511  PDE2A; cGMP-dependent 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase isoform X1 [KO:K18283] [EC:3.1.4.17]
101951151  PDE3A; cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A isoform X3 [KO:K19021] [EC:3.1.4.17]
101941595  PDE3B; cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B [KO:K13296] [EC:3.1.4.17]
101944720  PDE5A; cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase isoform X1 [KO:K13762] [EC:3.1.4.35]
101949535  PDE6B; rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit beta [KO:K13756] [EC:3.1.4.35]
101946485  PDE6C; cone cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit alpha' [KO:K13757] [EC:3.1.4.35]
101954006  PDE6D; retinal rod rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit delta [KO:K13758]
103306061  PDE6G; retinal rod rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit gamma isoform X3 [KO:K13759]
101952796  PDE6H; retinal cone rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit gamma [KO:K13760]
101934302  PDE9A; high affinity cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 9A isoform X2 [KO:K13761] [EC:3.1.4.35]
101944262  PDE10A; cAMP and cAMP-inhibited cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 10A isoform X3 [KO:K18438] [EC:3.1.4.17 3.1.4.35]
101940299  PDE11A; dual 3',5'-cyclic-AMP and -GMP phosphodiesterase 11A isoform X1 [KO:K13298] [EC:3.1.4.17 3.1.4.35]
101943549  adenylosuccinate synthetase isozyme 2-like isoform X1 [KO:K01939] [EC:6.3.4.4]
101949333  ADSS2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: adenylosuccinate synthetase isozyme 2 [KO:K01939] [EC:6.3.4.4]
101945062  ADSS1; adenylosuccinate synthetase isozyme 1 [KO:K01939] [EC:6.3.4.4]
101949142  AMPD1; AMP deaminase 1 isoform X2 [KO:K01490] [EC:3.5.4.6]
101941907  AMPD2; AMP deaminase 2 isoform X4 [KO:K01490] [EC:3.5.4.6]
101943007  AMPD3; AMP deaminase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K01490] [EC:3.5.4.6]
101948150  ADK; adenosine kinase isoform X1 [KO:K00856] [EC:2.7.1.20]
101942120  adenosine deaminase-like isoform X2 [KO:K01488] [EC:3.5.4.4]
101942379  ADA; adenosine deaminase isoform X1 [KO:K01488] [EC:3.5.4.4]
101934032  ADA2; adenosine deaminase 2 [KO:K19572] [EC:3.5.4.4]
101939006  AK1; adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1 isoform X1 [KO:K00939] [EC:2.7.4.3]
101945187  AK8; adenylate kinase 8 [KO:K00939] [EC:2.7.4.3]
101942396  AK5; adenylate kinase isoenzyme 5 isoform X1 [KO:K00939] [EC:2.7.4.3]
101948593  AK4; adenylate kinase 4, mitochondrial isoform X2 [KO:K00939] [EC:2.7.4.3]
101952865  AK2; adenylate kinase 2, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00939] [EC:2.7.4.3]
101942472  adenylate kinase 8-like [KO:K00939] [EC:2.7.4.3]
101938948  AK7; adenylate kinase 7 [KO:K00939] [EC:2.7.4.3]
101939239  AK6; adenylate kinase isoenzyme 6 isoform X2 [KO:K18532] [EC:2.7.4.3]
101951335  AK3; GTP:AMP phosphotransferase AK3, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00944] [EC:2.7.4.10]
101947670  ENTPD2; ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 [KO:K01509] [EC:3.6.1.-]
101938101  NTPCR; cancer-related nucleoside-triphosphatase isoform X1 [KO:K06928] [EC:3.6.1.15]
101953836  ENPP3; ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 3 isoform X1 [KO:K01513] [EC:3.1.4.1 3.6.1.9]
101931046  ENPP1; ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K01513] [EC:3.1.4.1 3.6.1.9]
101951805  PDE4B; cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4B isoform X1 [KO:K13293] [EC:3.1.4.53]
101943862  PDE4C; cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4C isoform X3 [KO:K13293] [EC:3.1.4.53]
101939386  cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4A [KO:K13293] [EC:3.1.4.53]
101932263  uncharacterized protein LOC101932263 [KO:K13293] [EC:3.1.4.53]
101950248  cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D isoform X2 [KO:K13293] [EC:3.1.4.53]
101953980  PDE7A; high affinity cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 7A isoform X1 [KO:K18436] [EC:3.1.4.53]
101940493  PDE7B; cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 7B isoform X1 [KO:K18436] [EC:3.1.4.53]
101937981  PDE8B; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: high affinity cAMP-specific and IBMX-insensitive 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 8B [KO:K18437] [EC:3.1.4.53]
101937122  PDE8A; high affinity cAMP-specific and IBMX-insensitive 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 8A isoform X1 [KO:K18437] [EC:3.1.4.53]
101938921  FHIT; bis(5'-adenosyl)-triphosphatase [KO:K01522] [EC:3.6.1.29]
101935928  ENPP4; bis(5'-adenosyl)-triphosphatase ENPP4 [KO:K18424] [EC:3.6.1.29]
101952821  PAPSS1; bifunctional 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K13811] [EC:2.7.7.4 2.7.1.25]
101933059  PAPSS2; bifunctional 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K13811] [EC:2.7.7.4 2.7.1.25]
101936730  uricase-like [KO:K00365] [EC:1.7.3.3]
101944737  uricase-like [KO:K00365] [EC:1.7.3.3]
101942423  cadherin-1-like [KO:K13484] [EC:3.5.2.17 4.1.1.97]
101945729  allantoinase, mitochondrial-like [KO:K01466] [EC:3.5.2.5]
101953015  ALLC; probable allantoicase [KO:K01477] [EC:3.5.3.4]
Compound
C00002  ATP
C00008  ADP
C00011  CO2
C00014  Ammonia
C00020  AMP
C00035  GDP
C00037  Glycine
C00039  DNA
C00044  GTP
C00046  RNA
C00048  Glyoxylate
C00053  3'-Phosphoadenylyl sulfate
C00054  Adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate
C00059  Sulfate
C00064  L-Glutamine
C00081  ITP
C00086  Urea
C00104  IDP
C00117  D-Ribose 5-phosphate
C00119  5-Phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate
C00130  IMP
C00131  dATP
C00144  GMP
C00147  Adenine
C00169  Carbamoyl phosphate
C00206  dADP
C00209  Oxalate
C00212  Adenosine
C00224  Adenylyl sulfate
C00242  Guanine
C00262  Hypoxanthine
C00286  dGTP
C00288  HCO3-
C00294  Inosine
C00301  ADP-ribose
C00330  Deoxyguanosine
C00360  dAMP
C00361  dGDP
C00362  dGMP
C00366  Urate
C00385  Xanthine
C00387  Guanosine
C00499  Allantoate
C00559  Deoxyadenosine
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C00603  (S)-Ureidoglycolate
C00620  alpha-D-Ribose 1-phosphate
C00655  Xanthosine 5'-phosphate
C00700  XTP
C00802  Oxalureate
C00942  3',5'-Cyclic GMP
C01228  Guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate)
C01260  P1,P4-Bis(5'-adenosyl)tetraphosphate
C01261  P1,P4-Bis(5'-guanosyl) tetraphosphate
C01344  dIDP
C01345  dITP
C01367  3'-AMP
C01444  Oxamate
C01762  Xanthosine
C02091  (S)-Ureidoglycine
C02348  (R)(-)-Allantoin
C02350  (S)-Allantoin
C02353  2',3'-Cyclic AMP
C02718  N-Formiminoglycine
C03090  5-Phosphoribosylamine
C03373  Aminoimidazole ribotide
C03483  Adenosine tetraphosphate
C03614  Inosine 5'-tetraphosphate
C03794  N6-(1,2-Dicarboxyethyl)-AMP
C03838  5'-Phosphoribosylglycinamide
C04051  5-Amino-4-imidazolecarboxyamide
C04376  5'-Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide
C04392  P1,P4-Bis(5'-xanthosyl) tetraphosphate
C04494  Guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate
C04640  2-(Formamido)-N1-(5'-phosphoribosyl)acetamidine
C04677  1-(5'-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide
C04734  1-(5'-Phosphoribosyl)-5-formamido-4-imidazolecarboxamide
C04751  1-(5-Phospho-D-ribosyl)-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxylate
C04823  1-(5'-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-(N-succinocarboxamide)-imidazole
C05239  5-Aminoimidazole
C05512  Deoxyinosine
C05513  Urate-3-ribonucleoside
C05515  5-Ureido-4-imidazole carboxylate
C05516  5-Amino-4-imidazole carboxylate
C05993  Acetyl adenylate
C06193  Guanosine 3'-phosphate
C06194  2',3'-Cyclic GMP
C06195  Imidazolone
C06196  2'-Deoxyinosine 5'-phosphate
C06197  P1,P3-Bis(5'-adenosyl) triphosphate
C06433  5'-Benzoylphosphoadenosine
C06435  5'-Butyrylphosphoinosine
C11821  5-Hydroxyisourate
C12248  5-Hydroxy-2-oxo-4-ureido-2,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate
C15667  5-Carboxyamino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole
C22395  N6-Succino-2-amino-2'-deoxyadenylate
C22441  dZMP
C22442  dZDP
C22443  dZTP
C22499  8-Hydroxyadenine
C22500  2,8-Dihydroxyadenine
Reference
PMID:10601204
  Authors
Cusa E, Obradors N, Baldoma L, Badia J, Aguilar J.
  Title
Genetic analysis of a chromosomal region containing genes required for assimilation of allantoin nitrogen and linked glyoxylate metabolism in Escherichia coli.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 181:7479-84 (1999)
DOI:10.1128/JB.181.24.7479-7484.1999
Reference
PMID:10986234
  Authors
Xi H, Schneider BL, Reitzer L.
  Title
Purine catabolism in Escherichia coli and function of xanthine dehydrogenase in purine salvage.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 182:5332-41 (2000)
DOI:10.1128/JB.182.19.5332-5341.2000
Related
pathway
cpic00030  Pentose phosphate pathway
cpic00220  Arginine biosynthesis
cpic00250  Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
cpic00260  Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism
cpic00340  Histidine metabolism
cpic00630  Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism
cpic00730  Thiamine metabolism
cpic00740  Riboflavin metabolism
cpic00790  Folate biosynthesis
KO pathway
ko00230   
LinkDB

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